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Boyd- Ch. 1, 6, 8 & 9 (Exam 1)
N/A
267
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/19/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is: a "specialized area of nursing practice committed to promoting mental health through the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of human responses to mental health problems and psychiatric  disorders."
Definition
psychiatric-mental health nursing
Term
What is a term that is used interchangeably with "psychiatric nursing?"
Definition
psychiatric-mental health nursing
Term
Because ______ and illness go hand in hand, sound ________ management skills are needed in patient care.
Definition
stress; stress
Term
Psychiatric nurses should also be adept in i______, o_______, so________, sp_____, and c_____ skills.
Definition
interpersonal; organizational; sociocultural; spiritual; communication
Term
The roots of contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing can be traced back to F______ N______.
Definition
Florence Nightingale
Term
Florence Nightingale viewed patients in a h____ manner and can be considered a pioneer in t_______ c_________.
Definition
holistic; therapeutic communication
Term

Who did it?:

Became the first trained RN in the U.S.

Definition
Linda Richards
Term

Who did it?:

Instituted the first RN-organized psychiatric training program at John Hopkins.

Definition
Effie Taylor
Term

Who did it?:

Wrote the first psychiatric nursing textbook, Nursing Mental Disease.

Definition
Harriet Bailey
Term

Who did it?:

Opened the Boston City Hospital Traning School for Nurses.

Definition
Linda Richards
Term

Who did it?:

Wrote the book Interpersonal Relations in Nursing.

Definition
Hildegarde E. Peplau
Term

Who did it?:

Developed the first graduate program in psychiatric nursing at Rutgers University.

Definition
Hildegarde E. Peplau
Term

Who did it?:

Developed the idea of state hospitals in response to the poor treatment of the mentally ill in jails.

Definition
Dorthea Dix
Term

Who did it?:

French Physician who ordered the removal of chains, stopped the drugging and bloodletting of patients, and placed patients under the care of a physician.

Definition
Philippe Pinel
Term

Who did it?:

Opened the New York Retreat, where patient were not restrained and were cared for in sympathetic, quiet, and pleasant surroundings.

Definition
William Tuke
Term

Who did it?:

Massachusetts State Legislator who demanded that state governments take financial responsibility for the care of people with mental illnesses.

Definition
Horace Mann
Term

Who did it?:

Wrote an autobiography of his 3-yr psychiatric hospitalization; formed the National Committee for Mental Hygiene.

Definition
Clifford Beers
Term

Who did it?:

Developed a personality theory based on unconscious motivations for behavior, or drives; includes stages like oral, anal, and genital.

Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term

Who did it?:

Their rehabilitative attitude was responsible for ending the practice of bloodletting and giving patients religion in the U.S.

Definition
the Quakers
Term

Who did it?:

First person to categorize mental illnesses and begin to treat them with medical interventions, such as bloodletting and with mechanical devices.

Definition
Benjamin Rush
Term

Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

Sickness was an indication of the displeasure of deities for sins; viewed as supernatural. Persons were either driven from their homes and ostracized or revered as supernatural entities.

Definition
Ancient Times
Term

Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

Egyptian and Greek beliefs that viewed mental health and physical health as interrelated. Hippocrates argued abnormal behaviors were due to brain disturbances. Treated with counseling, work, music, observation/documentation, and disease treatments.

Definition
Periods of Inquiry
Term

Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

St. Augustine pronnounced that all disease ascribed to demons. "Treated" the ill via incarceration, beatings, and starvations.

Definition

Early Christian and

Early Medieval

Term

Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

In Western Europe- the ill were "treated" via incarceration, beatings, and starvation by theologians and witchdoctors. In Mideast- mental disorders seen as illnesses and the ill are placed into the first asylums built by Muslims.

Definition
Later Medieval
Term

Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

In England- insane persons differentiated from criminals, but were still apprehended and locked up. In Colonies- mental illness was believed to be demonic possession and witch hunts were common; private hospitalization available for the wealthy.

Definition
Renaissance
Term

 Which Premoral Treatment Era?:

Benjamin Franklin established Pennsylvania Hospital; mental diseases began to be viewed as illnesses and treated in hopes of a cure. Benjamin Rush categorized mental illnesses.

Definition
Colonial
Term
What is the forced confinement of individuals for long periods of time in large facilities and was the primary treatment of those with mental illnesses for more than 50 years?
Definition
institutionalization
Term

True or false:

Outcomes of institutionalization were consistently positive.

Definition
False- outcomes of institutionalization were consistently negative, including aspects of hopelessness, isolation, overcrowding, filth, starvation, and unqualified personnel delivering care.
Term

True or false:

Women in the 1800s could be institutionalized at the convenience of their fathers or husbands if it was believed that their behaviors did not conform to the male's expectation.

Definition
True
Term

True or false:

Hydrotherapy baths began as restraint mechanisms but were then mostly used as therapeutic techniques.

Definition
False- hydrotherapy baths were developed as misguided biologic therapeutic techniques/treatment but were found to work better as a form of restraint and ultimately soley used for that purpose.
Term
Freud and his followers catagorized  mental illnesses as either a p________, which meant they were severe, or as a n_________, meaning that they were less severe.
Definition
psychosis; neurosis
Term
Freud's categorization of mental illness dominated psychiatric thought well into the 19____s.
Definition
70
Term
What is therapy that focused on repairing the trauma of the original psychological injury (which was the Freudian treatment of choice)?
Definition
psychoanalysis
Term
When did mental illness begin to be seen as a problem that could happen to anyone?
Definition
during World War II
Term
Why did World War II change the way people viewed mental illness?
Definition
Many "normal" people were either denied entrance into military service for being psychologically unfit for duty OR those who had already served tours in the wars were developing psychiatric and emotional problems.
Term
What revolutionized the treatment of people with mental illnesses, beginning as early as the 1930s?
Definition
psychopharmacology
Term
What class of psychological drugs was introduced in the 1930s?
Definition

barbituates, more specifically

amobarbital sodium

Term
What class of psychological drugs was introduced in the 1950s?
Definition
phenothiazines, more specifically chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Term
Why were the first psychological drugs given indiscriminantely to all institutionalized patients?
Definition
The drugs calmed the patients and supressed their symptoms, making them easier to care for in the institutions
Term
What major realization regarding psychological drugs and institutionalized patients became evident in the 1950s?
Definition
It was realized that if these drugs could calm patients and supress their symptoms, then maybe not all of the patients needed to remain institutionalized
Term
What was the national movement in the 1960s that involved the release of those confined to mental institutions for long periods of time into the community for treatment, support, and rehabilitation?
Definition
deinstitutionalization
Term
With deinstitutionalization beginning in the 1960s, there should have been _____ community mental health centers in place by 1980; however, by 1990, only _____ materialized, which means the system was o_______ with patients.
Definition
2,000; 1,300; overloaded
Term

True or false:

By the 1990s, deinstitutionalization was considered a success.

Definition
False- by the 1990s, due to the lack of availability of community facilities, deinstutionalization was considered a failure
Term

True or false:

Today mental health services in the U.S. are considered inadequate and fragmented.

Definition
True
Term

True or false:

Compared with all other diseases, mental illness ranks 3rd in terms of causing disability in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe.

Definition
False- mental illness ranks 1st!!
Term
According to Healthy People 2020, the mental health goal is to to improve mental health through p______ and by ensuring access to a______, q_______ mental health services for everyone.
Definition
prevention; access; quality
Term
What are the 3 new mental health issues that have emerged in the past decade?
Definition

1. Veterans with mental or physical trauma


2. People in communities affected by large-scale psychological trauma caused by natural disasters


3. Older adults with dementia and mood disorders

Term
What is the primary goal of mental health services?
Definition
recovery from mental illness
Term
What is the standard of care in psychiatric nursing and in the mental health field?
Definition
evidence-based practice
Term
Psychiatric-mental health nursing actions are guided by the C______ o___ E______ f___ N________.
Definition
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Term

True or false:

Psychiatric nurses rarely face ethical problematic situations.

Definition
False- psychiatric nurses face ethical problematic situations DAILY!
Term
What is the principle that states that each person has the fundamental right to self-determination?
Definition
autonomy
Term
What is the principle that states that the health care provider uses knowledge of science and incorporated the art of caring to develop an environment in which individuals achieve their maximal health care potential?
Definition
beneficence
Term
What is the duty to treat all fairly, distributing the risks and benefits equally?
Definition
justice
Term
What is the duty to cause no harm, both individual and for all?
Definition
nonmaleficence
Term
What is the belief that knowledge and education authorize professionals to make decisions for the good of the patient?
Definition
paternalism
Term
What is the duty to tell the truth?
Definition
veracity
Term
What is the faithfullness to obligations and duties, keeping promises, and is important in establishing trusting relationships?
Definition
fidelity
Term
The practice of psychiatric nursing is regulated by l______ but is guided by s_________ of c_______.
Definition
law; standards of care
Term

States or Professional Nursing Organization?:

Determines and grants the authority to practice nursing.

Definition
states
Term

States or Professional Nursing Organization?:

Sets professional standards of care and professional nursing activities.

Definition
professional nursing organizations
Term
What are the 6 standards of practice?
Definition

1. assessment

2. diagnosis

3. outcomes identification

4. planning

5. implementation

6. evaluation

Term
In psychiatric-mental health nursing, there are two levels of practice: b____ and a________.
Definition
basic; advanced
Term

Basic or Advanced Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing?:

Preferred education is a bachelor's degree with credentialing through the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).

Definition
basic
Term

Basic or Advanced Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing?:

Scope-of-practice includes psychopharmacological interventions, psychotherapy, case management, program development/management, and consultation and liaison.

Definition
advanced
Term

Basic or Advanced Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing?:

Scope-of-practice is limited to health promotion, intake screeing, providing safe environments, millieu therapy, promotion of self-care activities, administering prescribed medications, and providing crisis intervention and stabilizaiton.

Definition
basic
Term

Basic or Advanced Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing?:

The required level of education is master's degree (or higher) with credentialing through the ANCC.

Definition
advanced
Term

Basic or Advanced Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing?:

Includes researchers, DNPs, DNSs, DNScs, or PhDs.

Definition
advanced
Term
What is a national organization whose main focus is on addressing the emergent needs of nursing in general, but also supports psychiatric-mental health nursing practices?
Definition
the ANA
Term
What are 2 national organizations that are specifically focused on mental health care?
Definition
the APNA and the ISPN
Term
What model consists of 3 separate but interdependent domains?
Definition
the biopsychosocial model
Term
The 3 components of the biopsychosocial model are: b______, p_______, and s______.
Definition
biological; psychological; social
Term
Within the biological domain, biological theories relate to f________ health patterns, such as e______, s________, and n_________.
Definition
functional; exercise; sleep; nutrition
Term
Within the biological domain, neurobiological theories serve as a basis for understanding and administering p______ a________.
Definition
pharmacologic agents
Term
Within the psychological domain, theories are based upon psychological processes, such as t________, f__________, and b__________.
Definition
thoughts; feelings; behaviors
Term
Within the psychological domain, the psychological processes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can influence one's e_______, c_______, and b________.
Definition
emotions; cognition; behavior
Term
The psychological domain's theories have a general goal of understanding patients' s__________ and r________ to mental disorders.
Definition
symptoms; responses
Term
Under the psychological domain, a mental health nurse's understanding of their patients' intrapersonal dynamics and motivation is critical in developing a t________ r_________.
Definition
therapeutic relationship
Term
Within the social domain, theories account for the influence of s______ f_______ encompassing the patient, family, and community within cultural settings.
Definition
social forces
Term
Under the social domain, it is understood that social forces i______ and e_______mental disorders, but do not c_______ mental disorders.
Definition
influence; exacerbate; cause
Term
Within the social domain, f________ and c_________ support can actually improve treatment outcomes.
Definition
family; community
Term
What is the most important tool of psychiatric nursing practice?
Definition
the self
Term
What is the tool of psychiatric nursing practice that depends upon critical thinking skills and reflection?
Definition
clinical reasoning
Term
What is the tool of psychiatric nursing practice that involves continual self-evaluation through observing, monitoring, and judging nursing behaviors with the goal of providing ideal interventions?
Definition
reflection
Term
What is the tool of psychiatric nursing practice in which the psychiatric-mental health nurst collaborates with other professionals and the patient?
Definition
interdisciplinary care
Term
What is the tool of psychiatric nursing practice in which the health care team, the patient, and sometimes the patient's family develop a strategy for the patient's treatment?
Definition
plan of care
Term
What are the 4 new challenges of psychiatric nursing?
Definition

1. new knowledge development, dissemination, and application

2. overcoming stigma

3. health care delivery systems

4. new technology and EHR

Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

One challenge for psychiatric nurses today is to stay abreast of the a________ in t________ health care in order to provide s______, c_______ care to individuals with mental disorders.

Definition
advances; total; safe; competent
Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

RNs can play an important role in dispelling the m______ and combating the s_______ of mental illnesses.

Definition
myths; stigmas
Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

True or false?

Reducing stigma of mental illness is only the responsibility of the nurses practicing psychiatric nursing.

Definition
False- reducing the mental illness stigma is the responsibility of ALL nurses, whether they practice psychiatric nursing or not
Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

Additional and ongoing challenges of psychiatric nursing is the difficulty of providing nursing care within i_______ c_______-b_______ s________, which may be lacking in some areas.

Definition
integrated community-based; services
Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

A major challenge in psychiatric nursing is new technology and EHR, which makes the protection of p_______ c_______ more difficult.

Definition
patient confidentiality
Term

Challenges of psychiatric nursing:

Another challenge with new technologies is t__________, which will require health care providers to become e________ and p_______ in the use of these technologies. 

Definition
telemedicine; education; proficient
Term
What type of language is readily understood by all nurses to describe care, providing a common means of communication?
Definition
standardized nursing language
Term
To be helpful in psychiatric nursing, standardized languages must specifically address r________ to m_______ d______ and e_______ p_______.
Definition

responses; mental disorders;

emotional problems

Term
Psychiatric-mental health nurses must be able to make the connection between patients' p_______ symptoms, the probable a________ in brain f_______ linked to those symptoms, and the r________ for treatment and care practices.
Definition
psychiatric; alterations; function; rationale
Term
The CNS contains the b______, the b______ s_______, and the s________ c_______.
Definition
brain; brain stem; spinal cord
Term
The PNS contains n________ that connect the CNS to m_______, o________, and other s________ in the periphery of the body.
Definition
neurons; muscles; organs; systems
Term

True or False:

The CNS and the PNS are completely independent of one another.

Definition

False-

whatever affects the CNS may also affect the PNS and vice versa

Term
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Definition
the cerebrum
Term
The c______, which is the outermost surface of the cerebrum, makes up about 80% of the human brain. This area is consists of 4 to 6 c________ layers and c_______ blood vessels, which give it a g_____-brown color.
Definition
cortex; cellular; capillary; gray
Term
The cortex contains a number of bumps and grooves, which increase the amount of s______ a______ that can be confined to the limited space of the skull.
Definition
surface area
Term
The bumps of the cortex are called g______, and the grooves are called f_______ if they are deep and s_______ if they are more shallow.
Definition
gyri; fissures; sulci
Term
The longest and deepest groove in the cerebrum is the l_______ f_______, which separates the cerebrum into right and left h__________.
Definition
longitudinal fissure; hemisphere
Term
For most people, one h__________ is dominant; however, ___% of individuals have m________ d________, which means that they utilize both sides of the brain equally.
Definition
hemisphere; mixed dominance
Term
For 95% of people, the ______ hemisphere is dominant and controls functions mainly on the ______ side of the body. This hemisphere is more involved with ________ language function.
Definition
left; right; verbal
Term
The ______ hemisphere controls functions mainly on the left side of the body and is involved with receptive ________ communication, spatial o_________ and recognition, facial r_______ and facial e_________, and m________.
Definition
right; nonverbal; orientation; recognition; expressions; memory
Term
The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the c_____ c_______, which is a bundle of neuronal tissues that allow information to be e_______ q______ between the right and left hemispheres.
Definition
corpus callosum; exchanged quickly
Term
The lateral surface of each hemisphere is divided into 4 l________, which include the f__________, p_________, t________, and o________.
Definition
lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Proportionately larger in humans than in any other mammal.

Definition
frontal
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contains the postcentral gyrus, which contains the primary somatosensory area; responsible for recognizing objects by touch, calculation, writing, recognizing fingers of opposite hands, drawing, and organizing spatial directions.

Definition
parietal
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contains the precentral gyrus, which contains the primary motor area, or the homunculi.

Definition
frontal
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contains Wernicke's area, which is responsible for receptive speech.

Definition
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contains Broca's area, which controls the motor function of speech.

Definition
frontal
Term
What does damage to Broca's area cause?
Definition
expressive aphasia, or difficulty with speaking (motor movements of speech); you will still understand what is being said to you
Term
What does damage to Wernicke's area cause?
Definition
an inability to understand what is being said to you; you will still be able to speak
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contains the primary visual area; damage will cause cortical blindness.

Definition
occipital
Term
What is cortical blindness?
Definition
A condition that results from injury to the occipital lobe which causes a loss of sight even though the retina and optic nerve remain intact
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Responsible for color vision, object and facial recognition, and the ability to perceive objects in motion.

Definition
occipital
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Contain the primary auditory and olfactory areas; also contains the hippocampus, which contributes to memory.

Definition
temporal
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Responsible for working memory.

Definition
frontal
Term
What is working memory?
Definition
A function of the frontal lobe that is responsible for the ability to plan and intiate activity with future goals in mind.
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Responsible for insight, judgment, reasoning, concept formation, problem-solving skills, abstraction, and self-evaluation, also known as executive functions.

Definition
frontal
Term
What are executive functions?
Definition
Functions of the frontal lobe that include insight, judgment, reasoning, concept formation, problem-solving skills, abstraction, and self-evaluation.
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

An injury to this lobe can cause alterations in mood and personality (i.e. famous case of Phineas Gage).

Definition
frontal
Term

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, or Occipital Lobe?:

Damage to this area can produce complex sensory deficits, including neglect of contralateral sensory stimuli and spatial relationships.

Definition
parietal
Term
What is an important area of the brain that, while not a lobe itself, allows the lobes to work in an integrated manner?
Definition
association cortex
Term
Beneath the cortex lies layers of tissues composed of the a______ of cell bodies, which are surrounded by g_____, a fatty or lipid substance that appear white in color.
Definition
axons; glia
Term
The axons surrounded by the white glia are what give them the name white m_________.
Definition
matter
Term
What are subcortical gray matter areas in both the right and the left hemisphere that contain many cell bodies or nuclei?
Definition
basal ganglia
Term
The basal ganglia are involved with motor f_________ and association in both the l_________ and p_________ of behavior/activities that are repetitive and, done over time, become a_______.
Definition
function; learning; programming; automatic
Term
What does damage to the basal ganglia cause?
Definition
Changes in posture, muscle tone, and abnormal movements like twitches or tremors
Term
What drugs can adversely affect the basal ganglia?
Definition
psychiatric drugs
Term
Which part of the brain is essential to understanding the many hypotheses related to psychiatric disorders and emotional behavior in general?
Definition
limbic system
Term
Which part of the brain is responsible for basic emotions, needs, drives, and instincts?
Definition
limbic system
Term
What are the basic emotions controlled by the limbic system?
Definition
hate, love, anger, aggression, and caring
Term
What mental disorders are theorized to result from changes in the limbic system?
Definition
schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Responsible for sleep-rest patterns, body temperature, and physical drives like hunger and sex.

Definition
hypothalamus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Part of the limbic system that rests deep within the brain.

Definition
hypothalamus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Responsible for storing information, especially the emotions attached to memory.

Definition
hippocampus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Sometimes called the "relay-switching center of the brain" because it functions as a regulatory structure to relay all sensory information, except smell, sent to the CNS from the PNS.

Definition
thalamus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Damage or dysfunction of this area of the brain may cause appetite and sleep problems.

Definition
hypothalamus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Damage or destruction to the left part of this area impairs verbal memory; damage or destruction to the right part of this area causes difficulty with recognition and recall of complex visual and auditory patterns.

Definition
hippocampus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Prevents the cortex from becoming overloaded with sensory stimulus; as a result, damage to this area may cause behavioral abnormalities.

Definition
thalamus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Deterioration of this area of the brain is thought to be involved in S/S of Alzheimer's disease.

Definition
hippocampus
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Controls the release of neurohormones like ADH and the pituitary gland.

Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What is the pituitary gland responsible for?
Definition
Working with the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland is responsible for many aspects of the endocrine system, body temperature, arterial BP, hunger, thirst, fluid balance, and GI functions.
Term

Hippocampus, Thalamus, or Hypothalamus?:

Deregulation of this area of the brain can be manifested in symptoms of certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.

Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Which area of the brain is directly connected to more primitive centers of the brain involving the sense of smell?
Definition
the amygdala
Term
The amygdala provides an e_______ component to memory and is involved in modulating a_______ and s_______.
Definition
emotional; aggression; sexuality
Term
Neurons communicate with each other through s_______ t________.
Definition
synaptic transmission
Term
Neurotransmitters e_____ or i______ a response at the receptor sites and have been linked to certain m_____ d______.
Definition
excite; inhibit; mental disorders
Term
What are the 6 neurotransmitters?
Definition

1. Ach

2. dopamine

3. norepinephrine

4. serotonin

5. GABA

6. glutamate

Term
A_____ is the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter, found in greatest concentration in the ___NS.
Definition
acetylcholine; PNS
Term
Ach is suggested to be involved with higher i______ functioning and m______; as a result, individuals with A_______ and D_____ s________ often exhibit loss of Ach.
Definition

intellectual; memory; Alzheimer's;

Down syndrome

Term
D_________ is an excitatory NT found in distinct regions of the CNS and is invovled in c_______, m_______, and n_________ functions.
Definition
dopamine; cognitive; motor; neuroendocrine
Term
Dopamine establishes the body's natural "f_____ g_____" reward pathways and is involved in the regulation of a______, e______, m_______, and a________.
Definition
feel good; action; emotion; motivation; attention
Term
Low dopamine levels are associated with P_____ D______.
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Term
What are the 4 dopamine pathways?
Definition

1. mesocortical pathway

2. mesolimbic pathway

3. nigrostriatal pathway

4. tuberoinfundibular pathway

Term
N_______ is an excitatory NT that plays a major part in generating and maintaining mood states.
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
Decreased levels of norepinephrine have been associated with d_________; while excessive norepinephrine levels have been associated with m______ symptoms.
Definition
depression; manic
Term
Since norepinephrine is stored so heavily in the sympathetic nerves, it can be _________ released in the individual, producing a f______-o__-f________ response to threats in the environment and is thought to play a role in a_________.
Definition
quickly; fight-or-flight; anxiety
Term
S________ is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT and is diffusely distributed in the c_____ cortex, the l_____ system, and the b_____ g______ of the CNS.
Definition
serotonin; cerebral; limbic; basal ganglia
Term
Serotonin plays a role in e_______, c______, s______ perception, s______, and a________.
Definition
emotion; cognition; sensory; sleep; appetite
Term
Decreased levels of serotonin are associated with d_______ and i________; while increased levels of serotonin are associated with m_______.
Definition
depression; insomnia; mania
Term
Some well-known antidepressant medications, such as P_______ and Z______, function by i_______ serotonin levels in certain areas of the CNS.
Definition
Prozac; Zoloft; increasing
Term
G____ and g_____ are amino acid NT.
Definition
GABA; glutamate
Term
G____ is also known as gamma-amniobutyric acid is the primary inhibitory NT for the CNS. It functions in an inhibitory role in control of s_______ reflexes and c_______ reflexes.
Definition
GABA; spinal; cerebellar
Term
Dysregulation of GABA and GABA receptors has been associated with a_____ disorders; decreased GABA levels have been associated with the development of s_______ disorders.
Definition
anxiety; seizure
Term
G_____ is the most widely distributed excitatory NT and is the main NT in the associational areas of the cortex.
Definition
glutamate
Term
Damage to the CNS from chronic malfunctioning of the glutamate system are seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as: H_________, P________, A________, A____, vascular d______, and A______.
Definition
Huntington's; Parkinson's; Alzheimer's; ALS; dementia; AIDS
Term
Too much glutamate is harmful and can cause e________; too little glutamate has recently been linked to the development of s_________.
Definition
excitotoxicity; schizophrenia
Term

True or False:

Specific genes have been found to produce many psychiatric disorders.

Definition

False-

No one gene has been found to produce any psychiatric disorder

Term
If a gene does not specifically cause a psychiatric disorder, then how does genetics factor into psychiatry?
Definition
Significant evidence indicates that most psychiatric disorders have a genetic predisposition or susceptibility
Term
If an individual is genetically predisposed or susceptible to a psychiatric disorder, what is crucial in helping to plan interventions?
Definition
identification of risk factors
Term
Identification of risk factors in those susceptible to psychiatric disorders is c______ in helping to plan interventions to prevent d_______ of a disorder or to prevent certain b_______ patterns, such as aggression or suicide.
Definition
crucial; development; behavior
Term
What area of study examines the relationship among the immune system, the nervous system, and the endocrine system and our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings?
Definition
PNI (psychoneuroimmunology)
Term
What area of study focuses on the study and measure of time structures or biologic rhythms occurring in the body and associates dysregulation of these cycles as contributing factors to the development of psychiatric disorders?
Definition
Chronobiology
Term
The c_______ cycle and Z________ are aspects of chronobiology.
Definition
circadian; Zeitgebers
Term
What are physical indicators of disturbances within the CNS that differentiate one disease process from another?
Definition
biologic markers
Term
What are 2 examples of biologic markers?
Definition

1. biochemical changes

2. neuropathic changes

Term
How are biologic markers measured?
Definition
challenge tests, EEG, polysomnography, EPs, CT scanning, MRI, PET, and single-photon emission computed tomography
Term
What is an EEG?
Definition
An EEG (electroencephalography) is a tried and true method for investigating what is happening inside the living brain by measuring electrical activity within the uppermost nerve layers of the cortex
Term
P_________ is a special procedure that invovles recording the EEG throughout a night of s_________.
Definition
polysomnography; sleep
Term
An M_____ produces a 2- or 3-D image of the brain structure without the use of X-rays. This test is the most well known example of s________ imaging.
Definition
MRI; structural
Term
The functional MRI (fMRI) has replaced most use of P___ scans, which measures b______ flow and o______ and g______ metabolism.
Definition
PET; blood; oxygen; glucose
Term
___ (evoked potentials) are often called e______-r______ potentials. This test uses the same principles as an E___ by measuring changes in electrical activity in specific regions of the brain in response to a given s______.
Definition
EPs; event-related; EEG; stimuli
Term
EPs are used extensively in psychiatric r________; in c_______ practice, EPs are used primarily in assessment of demyelinating disorders, such as m______ s_______.
Definition
research; clinical; multiple sclerosis
Term
Patients with psychiatric disorders have special c_______ needs that require advanced t_______ c_______ skills.
Definition
communication; therapeutic communication
Term
What is the process of understanding one's own beliefs, thoughts, motivations, biases, and limitations, and recognizing how they affect others?
Definition
self-awareness
Term
Without s____-a_______, RNs will find it impossible to establish and maintain therapeutic relationships with patients.
Definition
self-awareness
Term
To become self-aware, an RN must carry out what process which involves reflection on the personal meaning of the current nursing situation?
Definition
self-examinination
Term
The development of self-awareness requires a willingness to be i_________ and to examine personal beliefs, attitudes, and motivations and the participation of a t_____ individual's outside p_______.
Definition
introspective; trusted; perspective
Term

True or False:

The biopsychosocial model is only used for analyzing patients.

Definition
False- each nurse brings a biopsychosocial self to nursing practice; any disharmony in any 1 domain can affect the functioning of the RN on the job and his/her ability to establish and maintain therapeutic relationships.
Term
What is the ongoing process of interaction through which meaning emerges?
Definition
therapeutic communication
Term
What is telling the patient personal information about yourself?
Definition
self-disclosure
Term

True or False:

Full self-disclosure is essential for an RN to develope a therapeutic relationship with a patient.

Definition

False-

self-disclosure should be severely limited for safety reasons and because the conversations should always focus on the patient

Term
Which type of listening involves sitting quietly and letting the patient talk, allowing the patient to ramble and become unfocused?
Definition
passive listening
Term

True or False:

Passive listening is essential to developing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship.

Definition
False- passive listening does not foster a therapeutic relationship because the conversation is not focused and the body language of the listener can often reflect boredom, indifference, or hostility
Term
Which type of listening involves the nurse focusing on what the patient is saying in order to interpret and respond to the message objectively?
Definition
active listening
Term
What are the 10 types of responses in active listening?
Definition

1. acceptance      2. confrontation

3. doubt              4. interpretation

5. observation 

6. open-ended statements

7. reflection     8. restatement

9. silence      10. validation

Term
A_______ is encouraging and receiving information in a nonjudgmental and interested manner; used in establishing trust and developing empathy.
Definition
acceptance
Term
C_______ is presenting the patient with a different reality of the situation; used cautiously to redefine a patient's reality.
Definition
confrontation
Term
D_____ is expressing or voicing doubt when a patient relates a situation; used carefully and only when the nurse knows the exact details of the situation in question.
Definition
doubt
Term
I______ is putting into words what the patient is implying or feeling; used to help identify underlying thoughts or feelings.
Definition
interpretation
Term
O______ is stating to the patient what the nurse is observing; used for obvious and unusual behaviors.
Definition
observation
Term
O____-e______ statements are a way of introducing an idea and letting the patient respond; used to gain insight.
Definition
open-ended
Term
R____ is redirecting the idea back to the patient for classification of important emotional overtones, feelings, and experiences; used when patient is asking for nurse's approval/judgment.
Definition
reflection
Term
R_______ is repeating the main idea expressed; lets the patient know the nurse is listening and used for clarification.
Definition
restatement
Term
S_______ is remaining quiet but nonverbally expressing interest during an interaction; used when patient needs to express ideas.
Definition
silence
Term
V_____ is clarifying the nurse's understanding of the situation.
Definition
validation
Term
What are the 5 blocks to communication (i.e. techniques that inhibit communication)?
Definition

1. giving advice

2. agreement

3. challenges

4. reassurance

5. disapproval

Term
What is interpersonal harmony characterized by understanding and respect?
Definition
rapport
Term
RNs establish rapport through i_______ warmth, a n______ attitude, and a demonstration of u_______.
Definition
interpersonal; nonjudgmental; understanding
Term
How can establishing a rapport help a psychiatric patient?
Definition
People with psychiatric problems often feel alone and isolated; establishing a rapport helps lessen feelings of being alone
Term
What is the ability to experience, in the present, a situation as another did at sometime in the past?
Definition
empathy
Term

True or False:

Empathy in a therapeutic relationship is central to psychiatric-mental health nursing.

Definition
True
Term
What is the direct communication of feelings?
Definition
empathetic linkages
Term
What are the defining limits of individuals, objects, or relationships?
Definition
boundaries
Term
Psychological boundaries are established in terms of e_________ d__________ from others.
Definition
emotional distance
Term
P________ boundaries involve four different body zones that provide varying degrees of protection against unwanted physical closeness during interactions.
Definition
personal
Term
What are the 4 different body zones of personal boundaries?
Definition

1. intimate zone

2. personal zone

3. social zone

4. public zone

Term
The intimate zone is ___-___ in from the body; the personal zone is ___-___ in from the body; the social zone is ___ in-___ yd from the body; and the public zone is over ___ yd from the body.
Definition
6-18; 18-47; 47; 3; 3
Term
P_______ boundaries and e_____ are extremely important to consider in the context of the nurse-patient relationship.
Definition
professional; ethics
Term
What are some indicators that the nurse-patient relationship may be moving outside the professional boundaries?
Definition
gift giving, spending more time than usual with that patient, strenuously defending or explaining the patient's behaviors, feeling that the RN is the only one that truly understands the patient, keeping secrets, or frequently thinking about the patient outside of work
Term

True or False:

There are no rules for developing a romantic or sexual relationship with a patient, as long as they are no longer under your care.

Definition

False-

Many state or provincial licensing bodies have guidelines or firm rules about how long after a therapeutic relationship must be terminated before engagin in a romantic or sexual relationship.

Term
What are the automatic psychological processes protecting the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal or external dangers or stressor?
Definition
defense mechanisms (or coping styles)
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is using actions rather than reflections or feelings during periods of emotional conflict?

Definition
acting out
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is turning to others for help or support?

Definition
affiliation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is dedicating life to meeting the needs of others?

Definition
altruism
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is experiencing emotional reactions in advance or anticipating consequences of possible future events?

Definition
anticipation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is excessive daydreaming as a substitute for human relationships, more effective action, or problem solving?

Definition
autistic fantasy
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is refusing to acknowledge some painful aspect of external reality or subjective experience that would be apparent to others?

Definition
denial
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is attributing exaggerated negative qualities to self or others?

Definition
devaluation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is transferring a feeling about, or a response to, one object onto another substitute object?

Definition
displacement
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is experiencing a breakdown in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, perception of self or the environment?

Definition
dissociation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is complaining or making repetitious requests for help that disguise covert feelings of hostility or reproach toward others, which are then expressed by rejecting the suggestions, advice, or help of others?

Definition
help-rejecting complaining
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor?

Definition
humor
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others?

Definition
idealization
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is the excessive use of abstract thinking or the making of generalizations to control or minimize disturbing feelings?

Definition
intellectualization
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is the separation of ideas from the feelings originally associated with them?

Definition
isolation of affect
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is feeling or acting as if one possesses special powers or abilities and is superior to others?

Definition
omnipotence
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is indirectly and unassertively expressing aggression toward others?

Definition
passive aggression
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is falsely attributing to another one's own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts?

Definition
projection
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is falsely attributing to another one's own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts in which the individual does not fully disavow what what is projected?

Definition
projective identification
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is concealing the true motivations for one's own thoughts, actions, or feelings through elaboration of reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations?

Definition
rationalization
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

Substituting behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are diametrically opposed to one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings?

Definition
reaction formation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is expelling disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness?

Definition
repression
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is expressing feelings and thoughts directly in a way that is coercive or manipulative?

Definition
self-assertion
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is reflecting feelings, thoughts, motivation, and behavior and responding to them appropriately?

Definition
self-observation
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is compartmentalizing opposite affect states and failing to integrate the positive and negative qualities of the self or others into cohesive images?

Definition
splitting
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is the channeling of potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior?

Definition
sublimination
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What is intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings, or experiences?

Definition
suppression
Term

Defense Mechanisms:

What are words or behaviors designed to negate or to make amends symbolically for unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions?

Definition
undoing
Term
What is the use of a word or phrase to represent an object, event, or feeling?
Definition
symbolism
Term
In people with mental disorders, using words to symbolize events, objects, or feelings may often be i__________, meaning that they cannot explain their choices.
Definition
idiosyncratic
Term
Other patients with developmental disabilities or organic brain difficulties may have difficulty with a_____ t______ and s_______, as they often interpret things literally.
Definition
abstract thinking; symbolism
Term
What are topic changes that either the nurse or the patient makes for various reasons?
Definition
communication blocks
Term
What are the 3 phases of the nurse-patient relationship?
Definition

1. orientation phase

2. working phase

3. resolution phase

Term

Orientation, Working, or Resolution Phase?:

Last phase; termination stage of the relationship that lasts from the time the problems are actually resolved to the close of the relationship.

Definition
resolution phase
Term

Orientation, Working, or Resolution Phase?:

First phase; phase during which the RN and patient begin to get to know one another; can last from a few minutes to several months; developing trust is a major part of this phase.

Definition
orientation phase
Term

Orientation, Working, or Resolution Phase?:

Phase in which the patient uses the relationship to examine specific problems and learn new ways of approaching them; second phase.

Definition
working phase
Term

True or False:

The nurse-patient relationship is a static process, with no change over time.

Definition

False-

The nurse-patient relationship is a dynamic process that changes over time

Term
In a n__________ r________, the RN and the patient both feel very frustrated and keep varying their approach with each other in an attempt to establish a meaningful relationship.
Definition
nontherapeutic relationship
Term
In a nontherapeutic relationship, the approaches will v______ greatly and will include g______ and s________; eventually, the pair will become so frustrated that they will give up and move into a phase of m________ w_________.
Definition

vary; grappling; struggling;

mutual withdrawal

Term
A d________ relationship is another type of nontherapeutic relationship.
Definition
deteriorating
Term
A deteriorating relationship consists of a w______ phase, followed by the phases of a______ and i______, and finally ends unsatisfactorily with a phase named "s______ with and making s______ of."
Definition
withholding; avoiding; ignoring; struggling; sense
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