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Botany: Bio 1C
Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants
35
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2006

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Term
Traits shared by charophyceans and land plants.
Definition
1. Similar plastids
2. Similar cellulose cell walls
3. Anti-photorespiration enzymes packages in peroxiosomes
4. Similar flagellated sperm
5. Similar structures during cell division
Term
Phragmoplasts
Definition
phragmo- (from Greek phragmos fence, from phrassein to enclose) + -plast
: the enlarged barrel-shaped spindle that is characteristic of the later stages of plant mitosis and within which the cell plate forms
Term
What are the earliest land plants?
Definition
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Term
Land Plant Traits
Definition
1. Apical meristems
2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
3. Alternation of Generation Lifecycle
4 Walled spores(made with sporopollenin) produced by a multicellular sporangium
5. Multicellular organs produce gametes (gametangia)
6. Specialize epidermis; stomata and cuticle
7. Adaptations for water transport; vascular tissue
8. Secondary compounds: chemicals that help the plant achieve an end
Term
gametangia
Definition
Multicellular organs that produce gametes. Angiosperms do not possess one. They are split into the antheridia(sperm) and archegonia(egg).
Term
Sphagnum
Definition
Peat Moss; Covers 1% of the Earth's land surfaces. Dead peat resists decomposition, so it is a carbon bank(400 billion tons worldwide). Structure is absorbant, so used as fuel and soil conditioner. Peat mining is bad.
Term
Psilotum and Polypodium
Definition
A Pteridophyte, which is a type of fern
Term
Guard Cells
Definition
Regulates water loss through opening and closing of stomata
Term
What are true roots, stems and leaves defined by?
Definition
The presence of vascular tissues and true vascular tissues contain lignin.
All land plants except the bryophytes have a true vascular system.
Term
Quinine
Definition
A secondary compound produced by plants, which is useful to humans in preventing malaria
Term
Derived traits of land plants
Definition
1. Apical meristem: Plants move by growing
2. Multicellular dependent embryos: Embryophytes
3. Alternation of generation: Heteromorphic
4. Walled spores produced by multicellular sporangia
5. Gametangia
6. Epidermis
7. Vascular Tissue
8. Secondary compounds: protection, signaling, defense and support
Term
Bryophyte Definition
Definition
ultimately from Greek bryon + phyton plant; akin to Greek phyein to bring forth -- more at BE
: any of a division (Bryophyta) of nonflowering plants comprising the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Term
Bryophytes Traits
Definition
1. Lack true vascular tissues, which limits their thickness and height
2. The gametophyte is larger and dominant and the sporophyte is smaller and dependent
3. Very desiccitant resistant
Term
Fertilization and Bryophytes
Definition
Water dependent because sperm are flagellated to swim from the antheridia to the archegonia
Term
Marchantia Polymorpha
Definition
Bryophyte
Term
Ecology of Bryophytes
Definition
They are all photoautotrophs. They usually live in moist habitats, but can withstand cold dry environments. They need free water for fertilization, so it limits distribution
Term
Seedless Vascular Plant Phylums
Definition
1. Lycophyta(lycophytes/club mosses)
2. Pterophyta(ferns and their relatives)
Term
The first vascular plants
Definition
Pteridophytes
Term
Traits of the First Vascular Plants
Definition
1. Lignified vascular system of phloem and xylem
2. Dominant, independent sporophyte generation
3. No Seeds
Term
Cooksonia
Definition
A vascular plant of the Silurian period. Tall statur and large branched sporophytes with numerous sporangia
Term
Microphylls
Definition
Small leaves which have only a single strand of vascular tissue. Evolved from a small stem outgrowth or flap.
Term
Megaphylls
Definition
Large leaves with a branched vascular system, support more photosynesis. They are thought to evolved by flattening and joining of multiple branches
Term
Homosporous
Definition
Single type of spore; Bisexual gametophyte, with both kind of gametangia
Term
Heterosporous
Definition
Contains either a megaspore or microspore, which correspondingly contain either male or female gametophytes
Term
Sori
Definition
Clusters of sporangia, usually on the underside of sporophyll
Term
Strobili
Definition
"cones" usually on the tips of shoots/branches
Term
Pteridophytes
Definition
Seedless Vascular plants
Term
Equisetum
Definition
A Pteridophyte; in the Phylum Pterophyta; Horse Tail; In the same Phylum as Psilotum(whisk fern) and Lycopodium(club moss)

Often have separate vegetative and fertile stems; "jointed plants" with rings of small leaves or branches at each joint; Bulk of photosynthesis in stem; Homosporous; May be the oldest surviving genus of plants on Earth
Term
Epiphytes
Definition
How lycopodium(Phylum Lycophyta) grows on tropical trees
Term
Lycopodium
Definition
Lycophyta; Many grow on tropical trees as epiphytes; Others grow on temperate forest floors; Tiny gametophytes, sometimes underground; Upright stems with many small leaves(microphylls)
Term
Selaginella
Definition
Spike "moss," Lycophyta; Small,low to the ground; Grow horizontally
Term
Isoetes
Definition
Quillwort; Lycophyta; Live in marshy areas; Represented today by a single genus
Term
Psilotum
Definition
Whisk fern; Pterophyta; Dichtomously branching stems; No roots(like first vascular plants); Stems have small scale-like outgrowths without vascular tissue(unclear if they predate leaves or are reduced leaves)
Term
Fern Characterisitics
Definition
1. Megaphylls are called fronds
2. Most are homosporous
3. Gametophytes shrivel and die
4. Can produce lots of airborne spores
5. 12,000+ species; most in tropics
6. Pterophyta phylum
7. Dominant sporophyte, Reduced gametophyte
8. Sporangia
Term
What seedless plants are not homosporous?
Definition
Spike Mosses and Quillworts(Both Lycophytes)

Heterospory seems to have developped independently because although most seed plants are heterosporous, they are more closely related to Pterophytes than Lycophytes
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