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Botany Exam 2
Botany Exam 2
47
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/31/2011

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Term
Monocot Stems
Definition
-No ring of vascular bundles
-No organized pith
-No vascular cambium
-No cork cambium
Term
Dicot Stems
Definition
-Organized ring of vascular bundles
-ground tissue is located between epidermis and vascular tissue
-Pith is in center
Term
Phloem Companion Cell
Definition
-regulate the loading and unloading of sucrose from sieve elements
-Transports dissolved sucrose under positive pressure
-Pushed along versus drawn up
-Transport takes ATP
Term
Transportation of Sucrose
Definition
-Sucrose draws water into sieve element by osmosis, raises turgor pressure and pushes sucrose toward sink
-Phloem Companion cells regulate the loading and unloading of sucrose from sieve elements
-Transports dissolved sucrose under positive pressure
-Pushed along versus drawn up
Term
Functions of Root system
Definition
functions: anchors plant in soil, absorbs water and minerals, storage of minerals, conduction of water and solutes
Term
Primary Growth
Definition
-Elongation of roots and shoots
-cells elongate by filling up their vacuoles with water increasing the turgor pressure
Term
The meristems that give rise to plant secondary growth are?
Definition
-caused by division on lateral meristems
-vascular cambium: xylem and pholem
-cork cambium
Term
2ndary growth cortex cells and features
Definition
-living, only have primary cell wall
-not suberized (suberin is a waxy substance)
-Many intercelluar spaces tp allow gas exchane
-Go through celluar respiration
-contains amyloplasts
-contains endodermis
Term
Roots and Fungi (mycorrhizal) relationship and functions
Definition
Mycorrhizal are fungi associated with many plant roots:
-Fungi absorb dissolved minerals from soil for plant
-Plant provides sugars for fungus
-citrus trees, orchards and gymnosperms are difficult to grow without it
Term
Soil Bacteria Rhizobium function
Definition
-Uses the enzyme nitrogenase to covert nitrogen into NH3 ammonia i exchange for carbohydrates
Term
growth rings
Definition
-Dicots, as they continue on into secondary growth, have vascular and cork cambium grow each year and stopping in winter
-ring width decreases with age
-length stays the same
Term
Characteristic features used to identify leaves
Definition
-Arrangement
-opposite, alternate
-Type
-simple or compound
-Shape
-Venation
-Vein arrangement
-Margin
-serrated
Term
Feature used to identify winter twigs
Definition
Term
Transpiration
Definition
the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.
-essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves
Term
Living Cells in bark
Definition
-2ndary xylem,
-Cork Cambium,
-2ndary phloem
Term
Adventitious Roots
Definition
-roots that grow on other plant parts other than the roots Ex.
-Prop roots
-support the stem
-Anchorage roots
-to secure positioning in soil
-Lateral roots
-aid plants in climbing
Term
Function of Root Hairs
Definition
-to increase surface area for moisture and nutrient absorption
Term
Cork Cells
Definition
-Dead
-Prevent water loss by 2o cell walls being suberized, imperable to water and no intercellular spaces
Term
Two types of xylem
Definition
-Tracheids:
-single cells
-no openings
-Vessels:
-
-several cells arranged end to end with dissolved cross walls
Term
Vascular tissue of gymnosperms versus angiosperms
Definition
-gymnosperms don’t have vessels in their xylem
Term
Ground tissue
(CPR)
Definition
-Makes up cortex, pith of stems, and roots
-Function is to transport water and nutrients and store nutrients such as starch .
Term
extracellular component of the root cap
Definition
large amounts of mucigel (keeps roots from drying out)
Term
Function of Pericycle
Definition
to form branch root
Term
Function of Pith cells
Definition
-to store water and starch
Term
The three primary meristems that apical meristems give rise to are
(Pro2G Protege)
Definition
-protoderm
-ground meristem
-procambium
Term
Two structural differences between phloem sieve elements and xylem tracheids
Definition
-tracheids have no openings. When together they form pits

-phloem sieve tubes’walls are full of small pores
Term
three cellular zones of the subapical region of the root
Definition
-cellular division -cellular elongation -cellular maturation
Term
structural characteristic of meristematic tissue
Definition
-six sided, boxlike, with proportionately large nucleus, usually near the center with tiny vacuoles or no vacuoles at all. However, with maturation the vacuoles grow large and often occupy more than 90% of the volume of the cell
Term
stele of a root is composed of
Definition
-vascular tissues (xylem, phloem)
-pericycle
-pith
Term
Two structural differences between monocot and dicot stems are
Definition
-no secondary growth
-no pith
Term
The meristems that give rise to plant secondary growth
Definition
-vascular cambium
-cork cambium
Term
The plant hormone responsible for the activity of the vascular cambium
Definition
-auxin
Term
The cells produced by the vascular cambium
Definition
-xylem and phloem
Term
Four environmental factors that affect the transpiration rate
Definition
-Light, -temperature -humidity -wind
Term
Give the common name, genus and species names, and a couple of sentences of interesting information about three plant organisms of your choice
Definition
Term
Meristem
Definition
-found at the tips of all stems and roots
-lateral meristems (the cambium, the vascular cambium, and the cork cambium
Term
Dead Cells of Bark
Definition
-Cork
-Periderm
Term
3 Structural Specialization of roots that enhance water absorption
Definition
-root hairs
-pericycle
-hypodermis
Term
Describe the structure of the Casparian Strip
Definition
-suberin bands which impregnate the endodermis, whose cells are then fused with the subering bands and are perpendicular to the root’s surface
Term
Three plant structural adaptations that reduce water loss
Definition
-casparian strip/endodermis
-needles instead of regular leaves
-bark
Term
Three functions of stems
Definition
-transport fluids between roots and leaves
-provide support for upright growth
-spread out branches and leaves/create surface area in order to gain more sunlight
Term
Water molecules adhere to each other and the cellulose of cell walls by...........
Definition
-cohesion-tension theory
Term
Monocots or Dicots typically have a fibrous root system
Definition
Monocots
Term

True or False

Most plants associate with mycorrhizal fungi

Definition
TRUE (3/4ths of plants)
Term
Examples plants with taproot systems?
Definition
Carrot and Beets
Term
Members ofh te family Fabeaceae are chracterized by?
Definition
Root nodules (a small swelling associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria that invade the roots of leguminous plants
Term
Location of phloem tissue in monocot roots is?
Definition
Inside endodermis; outside of the pith
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