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Book Definitions
Exam 2
72
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/31/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Cognition
Definition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Term
Mental Set
Definition
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Term
Intuition
Definition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Term
Framing
Definition
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Term
Motivation
Definition
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Term
Instinct
Definition
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Term
Drive-reduction Theory
Definition
the idea that a phsyiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Term
Incentive
Definition
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Term
Set Point
Definition
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act restore the lost weight.
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Term
Emotion
Definition
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (2) expressive behaviors and (3) conscious experience
Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Term
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
Definition
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Term
Subjective Well-Being
Definition
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life.
Term
Relative Deprivation
Definition
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Term
Health Psychology
Definition
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Term
Tend and Befriend
Definition
under stress, people (usually women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
Term
Psychophysiological Illness
Definition
literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
two types of white blood cells... etc.
Term
Coping
Definition
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Term
Problem-Focused Coping
Definition
attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Term
Emotion-Focused Coping
Definition
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Term
Psychodynamic Theories
Definition
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Term
Free Association
Definition
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, mo matter how trivial or embarrassing
Term
Oedipus Complex
Definition
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards hi mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for rival father
Term
Identificiation
Definition
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos
Term
Fixation
Definition
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were left unresolved
Term
Defense Mechanism
Definition
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
Repression
Definition
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Term
Collective Unconscious
Definition
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Term
Projective Test
Definition
personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides an ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition
most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Term
Terror-Management Theory
Definition
theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Term
Humanistic Theories
Definition
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Term
Self-Actualization
Definition
motivation to fulfill one's potential
Term
Unconditional Positive Regard
Definition
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question: Who am I?
Term
Personality Inventory
Definition
questionnaire with true-false on which people response to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; use to assess selected personality traits
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Definition
most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
Term
Empirically Derived Test
Definition
test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Term
Self
Definition
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Term
Spotlight Effect
Definition
overestimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Term
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Definition
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Term
Central Route Persuasion
Definition
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Term
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Definition
theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term
Group Polarization
Definition
enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Term
Groupthink
Definition
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
Just-World Phenonemenon
Definition
world is just and people get what they deserve
Term
Ingroup Bias
Definition
tendency to favor our own group
Term
Scapegoat Theory
Definition
theory that prejudice offers an outlet or anger by providing someone to blame
Term
Other-Race Effect
Definition
tendency to recall face's of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
Term
Frustration-Aggression Principle
Definition
principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
Passionate Love
Definition
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, (towards beginning of a relationship)
Term
Companionate Love
Definition
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Term
Equity
Definition
condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Term
Self-Disclosure
Definition
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Term
Altruism
Definition
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition
theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Term
Reciprocity Norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Term
Social-Responsibility Norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Term
Social Trap
Definition
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest, become caught in a mutually destructive behavior
Term
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Definition
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggresive
Term
Superordinate Goals
Definition
shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation
Term
Individualism
Definition
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals
Term
Collectivism
Definition
giving priority to the goals of one's group
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