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Body Fluids
McGill Physiology 209 Body Fluids Notecards 2011
79
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2011

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Cards

Term
Milieu Interieur
Definition
comprises the various body fluids
Term
Body Percentage of Water
Definition

45%-75%

increases and decreases based on percent of body weight that is fat, which has very little water content. Discluding fat, water percentage is constant in across most people

Term
standard physiological reference individual
Definition

21 year old white male

70kg

Term
approximate body water equation
Definition

weight x aprx %

_____________________ = ~L

100

Term
average male vs. female body water %
Definition

male - 61%

female - 51%

Term
insensible water loss
Definition
loss of water through skin and lungs, continuous
Term
obligatory water loss
Definition
account for 1.5 L of water loss through insensible loss, urine and stool
Term
faculative water loss
Definition
varies with water intake, loss through urine
Term

insensible perspiration vs pure sweating

qualities

Definition

insensible perspiration: pure water, passive evaporation, entire skin surface, and continuous

 

pure sweating: electolyte solution, active secretion, sweat glands, activated by heavy work or high T

Term
Major body water compartments and their associated values
Definition

Intracellular Fluid (ICF): 2/3 of body water, 40% of body mass

 

Extracellular Fluid (EFC): 1/3 of body water, 20% of body mass

Term
intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
an aggregate of fluid bound inside cell membranes
Term
The Major and Minor ECF subcompartments
Definition

major: plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF)

minor: lymph, trancellular fluid

Term
plasma
Definition
the fluid medium in which blood cells are suspended
Term
hematocrit (Ht)
Definition
the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes
Term
Major Blood Composition
Definition

plasma: 55%

Erythrocytes: 45%

Term
Interstitial Fluid: ISF
Definition
the fluid that percolates between individual cells
Term
Lymph
Definition
the fluid fluid found in the lymphatic system
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
a network of blind ended terminal tubules which coalesce to form larger lymphatic vessels which converge to form large lymphatic ducts which drain into the large veins in the chest
Term
Trancellular Fluid
Definition

the aggregates of fluid volumes secreted by specific cells into a number of body cavities lined by epithelial cells having specialized functions. Ex: synnovial fluid in joints

 

localized changes do not effect water balance

Term

Body Water Composition

All Compartments

Definition
[image]
Term

Indicator Dilution Method:

Determining fluid comparment volume steps

Definition

1. introduce a known quatity (Q) of indicator into vein

2. allow time to equilibrate

3. remove known volume of blood and centrifuge to obtain plasma

4. measure concentration (C) in unit volume of plasma

5. calculate: V=Q/C

Term
Commonly Used Indicators in Indicator Dilution Method
Definition

Plasma Volume: evans blue

Total ECF: inulin, sucrose, mannitol

Total Body Water: antipyridine, D2O, T2O

Term
Ionic Composition of ICF
Definition

High in K+, Mg++

Low in Na+, Cl-

Term
ECF ionic composition
Definition

High in Na+, Cl-

Low in K+

Term
Physiological Saline Solution
Definition
9g NaCl + H2O to 1L
Term
Ringers Solution
Definition

8.6g NaCl

.3g KCl

.3g KCl2

+H20 to 1L

Term
concentration
Definition

amount of solute present in a unit of volume of solution

 

expressed in g/L

Term
Molality
Definition
the number of moles of substance dissolved in 1kg of solvent
Term
molarity
Definition
the amount of solute in a specific amount of solution
Term
Mole
Definition
the amount of the compoung in g equal to the molecular weight
Term
Equivalent (Eq)
Definition

molarity of an ion x valency of ion

 

ex: Na+ has 1Eq/mol

Term
physiological genomics
Definition
using tools of molecular biology to determine how responses to stimuli happen from the gene level
Term
pathophysiology
Definition
disease state of "physiology gone wrong" used widely in medicine
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized one
Term
Major Categories of Cells
Definition

1. muscle cells

2. neurons

3.epithelial cells

4. connective tissue cells

Term
major categories of tissues
Definition

1. muscle tissue

2. nervous tissue

3. epithelial tissue

4. connective tissue

Term
muscle cells
Definition
cells specialized to generate mechanical force
Term
types of muscle cells and their major functions
Definition

1. skeletal: voluntary muscles, perform motor actions connected to skin and bone

2. cardiac: found only in the heart, allows heart to contract sending blood around body

3. smooth: surround blood vessels, gi tract etc. help with transport in body

Term
neurons
Definition
cells specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells
Term
epithelial cells
Definition
specialized for selective secretion of ions and organic molecules, and for protection
Term
types of epithelial cells
Definition

1. cuboidal (cube shaped)

2. collumnar (ellongated)

3. squamous (flattened)

4. ciliated

Term
basement membrane
Definition
anchors epithelial tissue, what epithelial tissue lays on
Term
connective tissue cells
Definition
connect, anchor and support body structures
Term
types of loose connective tissue
Definition

1. loose: found in network between cells and fibers enderlying epithelial cells

2. dense: tendons and ligaments

3. bone, cartilage, adipose tissue and blood

Term
functional units
Definition
many organs are organized into small subunits called functional unites
Term
internal environment
Definition
the fluids that surround the cells and exist in the blood
Term
interstitium
Definition
the space containing the interstitial fluid
Term
homeostasis
Definition
a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables. A dynamic process, where any one variable may fluxuate greatly but the balance reamains the same. Any disturbance of the balance is quickly returned to normal
Term
homeostatic control systems
Definition
compensating mechanisms so that any chance in ECF can be corrected
Term
steady state
Definition
a system in which a particular variable remains unchanged but energy must be added constantly to maintain consistancy
Term
set point
Definition
the point maintained in steady state/equillibrium
Term
negative feedback system
Definition

an increase or decrease in a regulated variable brings responses that tend to move variables in opposite directions.

 

**see book for negative feedback diagram**

Term
positive feedback
Definition

accelerates a process, with no obvious means of stopping. Creates an "explosive" system.

 

**responsible for birth (paturation)

Term
feed forward regulation
Definition
anticipates changes in regulated variables. Improves the speed of homeostatic responses and minimizes changes in the regulated variable
Term
reflexes
Definition
a specific, unmediated, involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned, "built in" response to a particular stimulus.
Term
learned/aquired reflex
Definition
reflexes formed after a great deal of concious effort was spent learning them (ex: driving a car)
Term
integrating center
Definition
where the signal from a stimulus acting on a receptor is sent to, which sends a signal to an effector to produce a response
Term
affarent pathway
Definition
the path between the receptor and the integrating center
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
the path from the integrating center to the effector
Term
2 major classes of effector tissue
Definition

1. muscle

2. gland

Term
hormone
Definition

a type of chemical messanger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system

 

the response of the glands in a reflex

 

can effect many cells all over the body at once

Term
local homeostatic response
Definition

initiated by a change in the environment, induces an alteration of cell activity with the goal of counteracting the stimulus

 

-unlike a reflex, only happens immediately surrounding the stimulant

Term
major categories of chemical messangers
Definition

1. hormones

2. neutransmitters

3. paracrine/autocrine substances

Term
neurotranmitters
Definition

chemical messangers released from ending of a neuron onto other neurons, muscles, and gland cells

**not released into blood

Term
paracrine substances
Definition
chemical messangers between localized cells
Term
autocrine substances
Definition
sent by cell into ECF, then acts on cell that released it
Term
types of chemical messangers not in ECF
Definition

1. gap junctions

2. juxtacrine

Term
juxtacrine
Definition
chemical messangers on cell membrane, wait for target cell to come near, then link up via membrane bound messangers
Term
acclimatization
Definition

the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system

 

reversable

Term
developmental acclimatization
Definition

acclimatization very realy in life at a critical period of development of a structure or response

 

irreversable

Term
circadian rhythm
Definition

cycles of approximately 24 hours. Includes waking, sleeping, body T, hormone conc. and exretion of ions in urine.

 

different from feedforward as it anticipates changes in the environment

Term
entrainment
Definition
the setting of the actual hours of the circadian rhythm
Term
free-running rhythm
Definition
the natural 25 hr body rhythm. Shows that circadian rhythm is sig. affected by external cues
Term
phase shift
Definition
the changing of the internal clock to fit a changed environment. Take time to do and are a major cause of jet-lag
Term
pacemaker
Definition
located in the hypothalamus, keeps time for the body without external cues
Term
pineal gland
Definition
told by the pacemaker to produce melatonin
Term
melatonin
Definition
hormone secreted by the pineal gland during dark hours, promoting sleep
Term
state of total body balance
Definition

1. positive balance: gain exceeds loss

2. negative balance: loss exceeds gain

3. stable balance: gain equals loss

 

**take 4-5 days for a steady positve/negative balance to reach a steady balance.

 

see balance diagram in book

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