Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Blue Boxes - Eye
M(5): 957-976
26
Medical
Graduate
09/18/2013

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Explain what periorbital ecchymosis is and how it occurs?

 

Definition

Extravasation of blood into the periorbital skin.

 

The loose nature of subcutaneous tissue within the eyelids can cause accumulation of fluid.  If the soft tissues of the eye are crushed against the sharp bone, swelling and hemorrhage will occur in the eyelids. 

Term

What sinuses are involved with a fracture of the medial wall of the orbit? 

 

What sinus may be involved in an inferior wall fracture of the orbit? 

 

what happens is the superior wall is penetrated? 

Definition

ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses

 

maxillary sinus 

 

it passes into the frontal lobe of the brain

Term

Define exophthalmos.

 

Tumors of the _____ and _____ may erode the walls of the orbit and press on the optic nerve. 

 

The easiest entrance to the orbital cavity for a tumor in the brain is through the _______, however tumors can also gain entrance through the _______

Definition

Protrusion of the eyeball. 

 

ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses (middle cranial fossa tumor) 

 

superior orbital fissure

inferior orbital fissure  (temporal or infratemportal fossa tumore) 

 

Term
Eye operations are approached best from the ______ side. Why?
Definition

The lateral side. 

The lateral wall is slightly shorter than the medial wall

Term

Why does ptosis occur if the oculomotor n. is paralyzed? 

 

Damage of what nerve doesn't allow the eyelids to close fully? 

What response is lost when this nerve is destroyed? 

What also occurs? 

What does the above cause? 

Definition

CN III innervated the levator palpabrae superioris 

 

Facial N. (obicularis oris) 

Rapid protective blinking

 

Tonus is lost to the inferior eyelid and the lid falls away from the eye. 

Drying of the cornea, excessive lacrimation

Term

What is a sty (hordeolum)? 

What causes it? 

Definition

Sty: a painful red suppurative swelling on the eyelid

 

Ciliary gland blockage

Term

Cysts of the sebaceous gland are called what?

 

Obstruction of a tarsal gland produces inflammation and what? What does that cause?  

Definition

chalazia

 

tarsal chalazion

Pain as it protrudes near the eyeball and rubs against the eyelids

Term

What is hyperemia of the conjunctiva? What causes it? 

 

What is the common name for conjunctivitis

Definition

Bloodshot eyes

 

Local irritation 

 

Pink eye. 

Term

How do subconjunctival hemorrhages manifest? 

 

What nerves does the pupillary light reflex involve?

 

The sphincter pupillae m. is innervated by ______ fibers

 

When these fibers are interrupted what happens?  

Definition

bright or dark red patches deep to and within the bulbar conjunctiva 

 

CN II (afferent) and CN III (efferent) 

 

parasympathetic 

 

The pupil dilates due to uncontested action of sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae m. 

Term
What's the first sign of oculomotor n. compression?
Definition
slowness of the pupills to respond to light (pupillary light reflex)
Term

The retina and optic n. develop from the ____ ______. 

This is an outgrowth of the ___ ____ (embryonic forebrain) 

 

Explain the relationship between the optic n. and cranial meninges? 

 

The ______ artery and vein cross the subarachnoid space and run with the distal optic n. 

Definition

optic cup. 

optic vesicle 

 

Since the optic nerve is an extension of the brain, it takes the cranial meninges with it. The surround the nerve and the nerve is an extension of the subarachnoid space. 

 

Central artery and vein

Term

The pigment cell layer of the retina develops from the _________ layer of the optic cup.  The neural layer develops from the ________ layer of the optic cup. 

 

 

Definition

outer

inner

Term

Layers of the developing retina are separated in the embryo by the ______ ________.

 

What are the two parts of the retina? 

 

The pigment layer is firmly attached to the ______ but the _____ layer isn't. Thus the retina can easily detach 

Definition

intraretinal space

 

optic part (pigment and neural) and non-visual retina part

 

choroid

neural layer

Term

A detached retina usually results from .....

 

What may a person with a detached retina complain of? 

Definition

A detached retina usually results from seepage of fluid between the neural and pigment cell layers of the retina. 

 

Flashes of light or specks floating in the eye. 

Term

What causes edema of the retina? 

 

Define papilledema

What does it result from? 

Definition

Increased CSF pressure that slows venous return from the retina. 

 

Papilledema: swelling of the optic disc. Typically viewed during ophthalmoscopy 

 

Increased ICP and increased CSF pressure around optic n. 

Term
What is the danger with doing a lumbar puncture while ICP is elevated?
Definition
The spinal subarachnoid space suddenly decompressed and that may cause a fatal herniation in brain tissue into the vertebral canal
Term

Corneal abrasions and lacerations occur from...

 

As people age their lenses become _____ and ______. These changes reduce the ________ power of the lenses which causes a condition known as ________.  

 

Cloudiness in the lens is called ____. 

 

Definition

sharp objects, foreign objects, particles 

 

harder and more flattened.

Focusing

presbyopia 

 

cataracts. 

Term

Blunt trauma to the eye can result in hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eyeball called _______.

 

When the eyeball has to be removed, where does an artificial eye sit? What allows some movement of the artificial eye? 

Definition

hyphemia or hyphema 

 

In the fascial sheath for the eye. 

The muscles of the eye remain attached to the muscle fascial sheaths which attach to the eye fascial sheath. 

Term

If a patient has an absent corneal reflex, what nerve is affected? Why? 

 

What is the danger with a damaged sensory innervation to the cornea? 

Definition

CN V-1 and possibly CN VII (orbicularis oris) 

 

CN V-1 is responsible for sensory innervation to the cornea

 

The cornea is susceptible to injury by foreign particles

Term

What muscles are affected by oculomotor n. palsy (CN III)?

 

What are the symptoms? 

Definition

ocular muscles, levator palpabrae superioris, sphincter pupillae

 

Eyelid droops & can't be raised, pupil fully dilated and non-reactive, pupil abducted and depressed

Term

What is Horner's syndrome? 

 

What are the signs? 

 

Why does constriction of the pupil occur? 

Definition

A syndrome of interruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk. 

 

Pupillary constriction, eyelid drooping, absence of sweating on the face and neck, increased redness and temp of the skin

 

Parasympathetic stimulation of sphincter is unopposed. 

Term
Why does eyelid drooping occur in Horner's syndrome?
Definition
sympathetic fibers integrate with the superior tarsus normally to elevate the eyelid.
Term

Explain glaucoma

 

What can result from glaucoma?

Definition

Pressure build-up of the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye due to a decrease in drainage of aqueous humor through the scleral venous sinus into the blood circulation

 

Blindness due to compression of the retina and retinal arteries.

Term

Blockage of the central artery of the retina results in...

 

This usually occurs __________ and in _______ people

Definition

instant and total blindness

 

unilaterally

older

Term

Occlusion of the central vein causes what? 

 

why? 

Definition

Slow, painless loss of vision

 

It may cause a block of one of the small retinal veins. 

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