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Blood and important lab values
learn your lab values and all you need to know about the blood
57
Nursing
Professional
09/12/2012

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Cards

Term
what is the difference between serum proteins and plasma proteins?
Definition
serum proteins lack fibrinogen
Term
what is the normal lab value of fibrinogen?
Definition
1.5-4.0g/dL or 150-400mg/dL
Term
list some factors that can increase the risk of clotting.
Definition
obesity, venoustasis, hip/pelvic surgery, immobility, age
Term
when are clotting factors the highest?
a.m. or p.m.
Definition
a.m.
Term
what does DVT stand for?
Definition
deep vein thrombosis (venous/red clot)
Term
what does MI stand for?
Definition
myocardial infarction (arterial clot or white clot)
Term
what triggers plaque rupture that leads to MI?
Definition
inflammation; platelets are stickiest in the a.m. due to highest blood sugar; platelet plug forms, triggers clotting (about 2 hours to form); MI occurs.
Term
name at least one drug that inhibits clotting factors?
Definition
Coumadin, Heparin
Term
what fraction of total serum proteins are made up of albumin? globulin?
Definition
albumin makes up 2/3 the total serum proteins; globulins 1/3
Term
measuring a ______ _______ can be used to determine the nutritional status and/or the prognosis in liver? disease?
Definition
a direct albumin level
Term
name one function of albumin.
Definition
holds water in the vascular space, binds drug (protein-bound vs. "free" drug)
Term
what is the normal pH value of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
what is the purpose of obtaining an H/H test (hemoglobin/hemotocrit)?
Definition
to determine the percent of blood cells in a sample
Term
what percent of the total blood volume is plasma?
Definition
about 55%
Term
what is the most abundant protein in plasma?
Definition
albumin
Term
where is albumin manufactured?
Definition
the liver
Term
list the 4 plasma proteins.
Definition
albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, complement
Term
why are complements in the blood important?
Definition
they are a group of enzymes that helps antibodies fight pathogens.
Term
name the substance made by certain WBC's involved in immunity.
Definition
antibodies
Term
name the 3 ways circulating blood serves the body.
Definition
transportation, regulation, protection
Term
in what ways does blood help regulate the body?
Definition
it helps maintain a steady pH level, regulates the amount of fluid in the tissues by maintaining osmotic pressure, transports generated heat in the muscles to other parts of the body which helps regulate the body's overall temperature
Term
what's another name for thrombocytes?
Definition
platelets
Term
name the most abundant leukocyte.
Definition
neutrophils aka polymorphs. lymphocytes are the second most abundant.
Term
name the two leukocytes whose main function is phagocytosis.
Definition
neutrophils and monocytes
Term
lymphocytes are manufactured in the red bone marrow but where do they mature?
Definition
lymphoid tissue
Term
what is phagocytosis and how is it important?
Definition
phagocytosis is the engulfing of foreign matter and occurs in the blood when a pathogen is present.
Term
how many platelets are typically present in the human body?
Definition
150,000-450,000
Term
what is considered normal when in comes to RBC?
Definition
4.5-5.5 million cells/mcL of blood
Term
what is the normal range of WBC in the absence of infection?
Definition
5,000-10,000 cells/mcL of blood
Term
if a patients platelet count were to drop below the normal range of 150,000 would you automatically assume there is a serious problem?
Definition
not necessarily, in some cases the platelet count can be lower than the normal without serious complications but in some cases, a transfusion may be necessary.
Term
name at least one situation in which a packed RBC transfusion would be required.
Definition
ex: severe blood loss from trauma
Term
why is it important to perform a type and cross test before administering a blood transfusion?
Definition
there are 4 types of blood: A, B, AB, and O. each contain antibodies and antigens which could cause a reaction, known as hemolyzing, and could lead to severe reaction.
Term
in what mL is whole blood packaged?
Definition
500 mL
Term
in what mL is packed RBC or cells packaged?
Definition
250 mL
Term
what essential vitamin plays a significant role in clotting?
Definition
vitamin K
Term
what type of drugs dissolve/break down blood clots?
Definition
thrombolytic
Term
which organ is effected by a pulmonary embolus (PM)?
Definition
the lungs
Term
what is another way of saying that there is a deficit in platelet count?
Definition
thrombocytopenia
Term
name the various types of coagulation tests available.
Definition
-PT (aka Protime)
-PTT (partial Protime)
-INR
-bleeding times
Term
a patient is prescribed Coumadin. what kind of test would you perform to determine therapeutic effectiveness?
Definition
PT/INR
Term
a patient is receiving Heparin via IV therapy. what would be the appropriate test to determine the drugs therapeutic effectiveness?
Definition
PTT
Term
a patient is to receive Heparin via IM. would it be appropriate to administer a PTT test?
Definition
not necessarily. it is required when Heparin is administered IV
Term
when would it be appropriate to administer a PTT/PT/INR test?
Definition
if a patient was receiving Coumadin and Heparin at the same time
Term
What kind of complications arise with the suppression of bone marrow?
Definition
PENIAS- anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Term
proteins, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, copper, and vitamin C are all required to produce what type of blood cells?
Definition
erythrocytes aka RBC
Term
what is the average life span of a RBC?
Definition
90-120 days
Term
this organ is often referred to as the "garbage bin".
Definition
the spleen
Term
what are the normal ranges of hemoglobin for a woman? a man?
Definition
woman 12-15
man 14-17
Term
what is the largest leukocyte?
Definition
monocytes
Term
what is a macrophage and what does it do?
Definition
a highly active, enlarged monocyte responsible for disposing of invaders and foreign materials
Term
which of the blood components contain active enzymes and mitochondria but do not contain nuclei or DNA?
Definition
platelets
Term
what is the normal PT range?
Definition
0.8-1.2 seconds
Term
what is the normal INR range?
Definition
2.0-3.0 seconds
Term
what is the ideal value when increasing or decreasing anticoagulants to be considered therapeutic?
Definition
1.5-2x the normal value

ex: if a patient is on anticoagulant therapy and their PT is 1.2 seconds, ideally with medication it would need to be around 2.4 to be considered therapeutic
Term
describe the difference between hemorrhagic anemia and hemolytic anemia.
Definition
hemorrhagic- acute, sudden or gradual, chronic caused by bleeding ulcers, excessive menstrual flow, and bleeding hemorrhoids (piles)
hemolytic- the blood cells are destroyed for various reasons including an overactive liver or an inherited disease such as sickle cell anemia
Term
what is leukemia?
Definition
a neoplastic disease of blood-forming tissue.
in other words: too many WBC's but not healthy overrun the RBC's and platelets
Term
You have just cut your finger. What is the body's first physiological response?
Definition
vasoconstriction
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