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Blood and Blood Vessels
Lecture 10
25
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/22/2011

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Term
What are the three functions of blood? Give an example of each
Definition
i) Transport: O2, nutrients, hormones
ii) Balance: Volume, electrolytes, pH
iii) Protection: Neutralization, coagulation, Antimicrobial mechanisms
Term
What are the three functions of lymph?
Definition
i) Fluid recovery
ii) Immune surveilance
3) Fat absorption
Term
What are the layers of an artery called?
Definition
The 3 Tunicas: Externa, media, intima
Term
Why do arterial walls have a thick elastic layer? Which tunica is this layer?
Definition
To maintain a constant blood pressure by
i) preventing a blood pressure drop during diastole
ii) preventing a blood pressure surge in sistole.

The tunica media is the "thick" elastic layer in arteries.
Term
What are the main regulators of blood flow and pressure in the circulatory system?
Definition
Arterioles. These are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. (determined by media?)
Term
What is an aneurism and how can they cause tissue damage?
Definition
An aneurysm is a blood filled balloon like bulge in a blood vessel. These can damage surrounding tissues if there is no room to expand and also increase the risk of hemorrhaging.
Term
Where in the circulatory system is pressure "sensed"?
Definition
2 places contain baroreceptors which monitor the body's blood pressure.
i) Aortic arch
ii) Carotid sinus
Term
Where in the body is the pH of the blood monitored?
Definition
There are 2 chemoreceptor clusters in the circulatory system. These monitor the levels of CO2 in the blood.
i) Coratid bodies
ii) Aortic bodies
Term
Where in the body are valves in veins absent?
Definition
i) abdominal cavity
ii) brain
Term
What blood vessels supply blood to blood vessels?
Definition
vasa vasorum
Term
Where in the body are there no capillary beds?
Definition
cornea, lens, epithelia, cartilidge
Term
To allow flow/not allow flow through thoroughfare channels, arterioles dilate/constrict what structures?
Definition
Pre-capillary sphincters
Term
What are the three types of capillaries, in order from most porous to least porous? Where would you expect to find each?
Definition
i) Sinusoid - liver
ii) Fenestrated - glomerulus
iii) Continuous - brain
Term
What are the functions of pericytes? In what type of blood vessel are they found?
Definition
pericytes are undifferentiated cells that can replace the capillary cells in case of damage/apoptosis. They are also thought to have some constriction/dilation function. These are found in continuous capillaries
Term
What is the basis and function of oncotic pressure?
Definition
Oncotic pressure stems from the presence of large plasma proteins in the blood. These provide a blood solute concentration that keeps an osmotically driven fluid balance between the capillaries and lymph systems.
Term
What are the 2 portal systems that exist in the body?
Definition
Hepatic portal
Hypophyseal portal
Term
How do capillaries differ from lymphatic capillaries
Definition
lymphatic capillaries have:
i) no tight jxns
ii) are closed on the ends
iii) have overlapping edges that act as pressure controlled flaps
Term
True or False: Lymphatic collecting ducts have the same 3 tunica layers as veins
Definition
True
Term
Lymph is collected in a lymphatic capillary, where does it go and what structures does it pass through?
Definition
Lymphatic capillary -> Lymphatic collecting vessels -> Lymphatic trunks -> Lymphatic collecting ducts -> Subclavian veins
Term
What are the six lymphatic collecting trunks? Which are associated with the right lymphatic duct? Which form the cisterna chyli?
Definition
Right lymphatic duct trunks:
i)Subclavian
ii) Brachiomediastinal
iii) Jugular
------------------------------------
Cisterna Chyli formers:
iv)Intestinal
v) Lumbar
----------------------
Unassociated with these:
vi) Intercostal trunk
Term
What substance makes up the majority of the blood?
Definition
Plasma
Term
What kind of stem cell differentiates into an erythrocyte?
Definition
Myeloid stem cell
Term
What are the four local effects of inflammation? Why are these effects produced by the body?
Definition
Rubber doll's collar tumor
Rubor -> reddening
Dolor -> pain
Color -> heat
Tumor -> swelling

These effects create the condition for an immune response.
Term
What is the reticuloendothelial system?
Definition
Part of the immune system that consists of macrophages located in reticular connective tissue (ex: lymph nodes, spleen)
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