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block 8 - wqeek 4/5
intro
82
Chemistry
Graduate
02/07/2010

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Cards

Term
T or f, NMDA receptor antagonists block LTP in the hippocampus & block spatial learning. LTP does NOT equal the “physiological correlate” of memories.
Definition
T, LTP is a mechanism for altering the function of neural circuits in response to changes in the environment
Term
The ___________ plays a role in social behaviors such as aggression, fear, anger, facial recog, social hierarchy.
Definition
Amygdala, and can also increase HR, BP, HPA
Term
Which of the following is long term potentiation, an increase in EPSP in response to single stimuli of similar strength, induced by: high freq stim of the same connection or pairing with a strong associative impulse.
Definition
Both
Term
During LTP, depolarization of the post-synaptic cell drives Mg2+ ions out of the ion channel of the NMDA receptor, allowing Ca2+ entry into the post synaptic cell. How does this lead to LTP?
Definition
Calcium induces the creation of more AMPA receptors in the post-syn allowing higher sensitivity to glutamate.
Term
All cortical regions, include hippos and amyg, receive inputs from the basal forebrain cholinergic system; the loss of which is the hallmark of which disease?
Definition
Alzheimers
Term
Neurons exposed to steroid hormornes can increase dendrites and shape dendritic function. How does estrogen and glucose differ?
Definition
Estrogen increases dendritic spines and LTP with stim in hippo, chronic Glucos lead to dendritic and synaptic atrophy in hippo leading to memory defecits
Term
Define dementia.
Definition
Acquired syndrome of decline in memory and at least 1 other cognitive function (e.g., language) sufficient to affect daily life, not explainable by delirium or other mental disorder.
Term
Which of the following genes are auto dom for dementia - Presenilin, APP, Apolipoprotein E-4.
Definition
first two
Term
Using the internet helps the brain only if the task is new. What are some steps to improve memory including diet?
Definition
Sleep, stress, diet, exercise, Vitamin E, Anti-Inflamms, Anti-oxi, alcohol, caffeine, statins, ginko, curcumin, cholinergic drugs, memantine, anti-amyloids
Term
What ist he diff btw stupor and coma?
Definition
Stupor is only responsive to painful stim, coma is unresponsive
Term
What is important in the brain for a coma?
Definition
Malfunctioning rreticular activating system
Term
The Glasgow coma score assesses coma, what is a low score correlative with?
Definition
Worse prognosis
Term
What is the purpose of testing the Doll’s eyes response?
Definition
Test integrity of brainstem from medulla to midbrain.
Term
In metabolic coma if pupils are small or large what is indication?
Definition
Small is opiate OD, large is TCA or amphetamine OD
Term
What should you do in a coma patient with suspectged herniation?
Definition
Mannitol osmotic diuretic, hyperventilation
Term
In what patient pop is delirium most prevalent?
Definition
ICU patients with an average duration of 7-10 days
Term
Which of the following are physio causes of delirium - excess Ach, excess DA, hypoperfusion, inflammatory process.
Definition
All except there is too little Ach in neurotrans
Term
What is the gold standard for delirium neurophysiologic testing?
Definition
EEG although high false negs and false pos
Term
There are many tests for delirium and severity which test is >90 sensitive/spec?
Definition
CAM - confusion assess method
Term
With delirium antipsychotics are used, when are benzos used?
Definition
Alcohol withdrawal, akathisia, however most times makes delirium worse causing NMS, hypotension, arry
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Definition
Avoidant
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings.
Definition
Schizoid
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
Definition
dependent
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
Definition
borderline
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
Definition
antisocial
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior
Definition
histrionic
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent.
Definition
paranoid
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
Definition
schizotypal
Term
Name the following personality disorder - preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
Definition
OCD
Term
Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
Definition
narcissism
Term
Are the five factors -neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness- heritable?
Definition
Yes
Term
Which of the following are in the A,B,C cluster disorders - psychosis, substance misuse, sociopath, depression, anxiety, somatoform, eating disorders.
Definition
1-a, 2,3-b, rest-c
Term
T or f, Only gross hormonal abnormalities affect sexual orientation.
Definition
True
Term
Which part of the amygdale is stimd when females and males see emotional images?
Definition
Left females, right males
Term
What are the two types of declarative memory and what part of brain used?
Definition
Episodic(memories) and semantic(facts) used in hippo and medial temporal
Term
What is diff btw anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Definition
Antero is can’t form new declarative memories after incident, rerto is before
Term
Name the gene that is auto dom, encodes a multifunctional Ras-GAP(inactivates Ras), causes benign tumors, and associated with cognitive defectits.
Definition
NF1, neurofibromatosis type 1
Term
Describe how the NF1 gene affects hippocampal learning and working memory.
Definition
NF1 ups Ras/MAPK, ups GABA, =decreased hippo plasticity; NF1 ups Ras/MAPK in prefrontal cortex, ups GABA, hypoactive PFC, =dfecits
Term
What drug helps reduce the activation of Ras/MAPK in NF1 patients?
Definition
Statins, which help with some cog defecits, not others
Term
How does tuberous sclerosis affect hippocampal learning?
Definition
Up mTOR signal which lowers threshold for L-LTP; however, Rapamycin blocks it
Term
Abeta protein seen in amyloid angiopahty in AD is a cleavage product of APP seen on which chrome?
Definition
21
Term
Fronto-temporal-lobar degeneration disease includes dementia and apahasia and is mapped to chrome 17, but what 3 proteins are important in this disease?
Definition
Tau, ubiquitin, TDP-43
Term
Name this dementia - fronto-temporal, aphasia, parksinoism aspects, associated with Pciks’ bodies (aggregated tau protein).
Definition
Pick’s disease
Term
Name this dementia - parkinsonism with dementia and hallucinations caused by a-synuclien defect.
Definition
Lewy Body disease
Term
What does the auto dom huntington’s gene have on chrome 4?
Definition
Expanded CAG repeats
Term
What elderly pop is growing fastest and what sex?
Definition
85+ and women.
Term
What is diff btw normalcy and normality?
Definition
Normalcy is free from disease, normality is average progression of health
Term
What is diff btw primary and secondary aging?
Definition
Primary is gene determines, seoncdary is socioenviornmental
Term
T or f, cortex thins in aging due to loss of synaptic connections not neuron loss.
Definition
T
Term
Perivascular cuffing, intranuclear inclusions, and neuronophagia is seen in what type of encephlalitis?
Definition
Viral
Term
Which of the following predispose a patient to brain abcess: congential heart disease, otits media, metastatic infection from heart and lungs, trauma, skull abnormality?
Definition
All
Term
What disease is characterized by oligodendroglial viral inclusions with effacement of normal chromatin, large bizarre astrocytes, papova virus on stain.
Definition
PML- destroys white matter
Term
What type of prion disease has rapid dementia, ataxia, myoclnus, characteristic EEG, spongiform change, neuron loss, gliosis?
Definition
CJD - Crutzfeldt-Jackob Disease
Term
What was the result of mental health survey inregards to acceptability?
Definition
More people accept biological cause but increase social rejection
Term
Human circadian rhythym is determined by __________ a pigment that stimulates retinal ganglin cells which project ot the __________________ which is our biological clock.
Definition
Melanopsin, suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Term
T or F, The human Per3 gene is mapped to our circadian rhytyms of gene expression.
Definition
True
Term
The ________ is a nueroendocrine structure the regulates our bodies endocrine functions including the HPA, melatonin from pineal gland, insulin, and more; a defect in which can put us at risk for CVD, T2DM, cognitive disorders, and more.
Definition
SCN
Term
Describe the physiological changes that occur during REM sleep.
Definition
Autonomic storm (HR, Rresp, boner variations) muscle paralysis, eye moves, low amplitude desynched EEG.
Term
How does temp, GH release, and cortisol release change with sleep?
Definition
Temp drops, GH spikes, sortisol spikes
Term
What are some consequences of muscle paralysis during sleep?
Definition
Tongue will relax and obstruct upper airway, neonatal breathing difficulty
Term
What are the long term sequlea in the brain of obstructive sleep apnea?
Definition
Grey matter loss in cerebellum and hippo leading to short-term memory defecits
Term
T or F, Heart failure patients also show substantial brain injury, possibly resulting from hypoxic damage during apneic periods of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in sleep.
Definition
True, damage to the insular cortex can also damage sympathetic regulation, causing high tone output and hypertension
Term
T or f, Enhanced brain injury in Type II diabetics with OSA injuring areas influencing hypothalmus over OSA patients without diabetes (T2 relaxation time).
Definition
T
Term
Why do depressed patients not sleep as much?
Definition
Circadian rhythyms influenced and body temp doesn’t get low enough.
Term
what part of the brain is quiet sleep maintained in and what par tis REM?
Definition
Basal forebrain (thalamus), dorsolateral pons
Term
What is conversion disorder or la belle indifference?
Definition
A somatoform disorder where voluntary sensory or motor symptoms arise after an acute stressor. Not intentional but subconscious
Term
What areas of the brain have reduced cerebral blood flow during conversion disorder?
Definition
Contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus
Term
Which patients have greater activation of the anterior insula and thus are more prone to interoceptive driven pain - axiety prone, false feedback of interoceptive mismatcha, or high expectation of pain?
Definition
All
Term
Which areas of the brain are intergral in the microbe influenced-serotonin rich interoceptive pathways?
Definition
Anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; microbe induced signaling can create anxiety like behavior
Term
T or f, Individuals who perform better on interoceptive awareness task show increased grey matter volume in frontoinsular region.
Definition
T; also, note how physical pain and emotional pain activate similar areas in the brain
Term
What is the usual treatment of panic disorders?
Definition
CBT plus SSRI’s or benzos
Term
What is diff btw OCD and OCD personality disorder?
Definition
OCD is unwanted, OCPD is in line with beliefs of perfectionism
Term
There is a high correltaiton of OCD with depression so what is treatment?
Definition
CBT and SSRIs
Term
What gene is dysfunctional in narcolepsy?
Definition
mutation in orexin-2 R gene
Term
How many people exposed to traumatic events have PTSD?
Definition
20%
Term
What area of the brain experiences reduced reduced volume and neuronal death due to the high cortisol seen in PTSD?
Definition
Hippo
Term
All successful tx of PTSD involve _________ to trauma.
Definition
Exposure
Term
Since CBT is the staple in PTSD what is meds used?
Definition
SSRIs, beta blockers for arousal symptoms, a1 blockers for nightmares
Term
T or f, Inflammatory cytokines increase depression.
Definition
T
Term
Stress/social inhib and sleep deprivation/depression has shown to increase inflammation, reduce the bodies ability to fight disease, and increase CVD. What two mediators are the cuase of this physio cycle?
Definition
CRH and NOR from CRH neurons and the Locus ceruleus in the brain induces cortisol and NOR release and stims sympathetic drive
Term
Which of the following predispose you to somatoform disorders - woman, bad parents, low intelligence, rural growth, physical.sexual abuse?
Definition
All
Term
T or f, Conversion disorders and neurological disorders often coexist.
Definition
T
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