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Biotechnology
Test 2
40
Biology
Undergraduate 4
11/03/2013

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Term
What are microbes?
Definition
Microorganisms are called microbes which are too small to view with a naked eye.
Term
what is the most abundant within microbes?
Definition
Most abundant is bacteria, but included under microbes are bacteria , fungi: yeasts and molds , viruses , protozoa and algae
Term
Where do the microbes live?
Definition
They live on our skin, in our mouths and in our intestines among many other body parts.

They are in the air, and on virtually every surface we touch.
Term
How long has been bacteria exist in the earth?
Definition
Bacteria have existed on the Earth for over 3.5 billion years, and they outnumber humans by a wide margin.
Term
What is the microorganisms used as? and what are their used for?
Definition
Microorganisms are used as "tools for biotechnology" in biotechnology.
- used in the environemt
-foods we eat
-producing recombinant drug for the treating humans
Term
What do the microbes depends on?
Definition
The use of microbes as “tools for Biotechnology” depends on the cell structure.
Term
What is the difference between the prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Term
Features of a eukaryotic cell:
Definition
Term
Features of a prokaryotic cell: (add more)
Definition
Usually by binary fission, no mitosis and no meiosis needed.

Not bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Usually contains one circular chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

No nucleolus.

Nuclear body is called a nucleoid
Term
What do we classidied cells based on? (prokaryotes and eukaryotes )
Definition
Cells are classified based on presence or absence of nucleus.
&
the organization of their cellular structure
Term
What is cell?
Definition
The cell is the basic unit of life
Term
Examples of eukaryotic cell types?
Definition
Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all possess .
Term
Examples of prokaryotic cell types?
Definition
Only bacteria
Term
Similarity within prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
-Both, must carry out the same life processes.
Term
What do we call the nuclear body?
Definition
Nuclear body is called a nucleus.
Term
What are bacteria?
Definition
-They are prokaryotes
-Single-celled, microscopic organisms.
-Bacteria have few membrane bound organelles.
-They grow and divide rapidly.
-Easy to make mutant strains which can be used for molecular and genetic studies.



Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Term
What are the shape of bacteria?
Definition
-coccus
-rod or bacillus,
-spiral.
Term
What are Plasmids?
Definition
-They are (typically) circular double stranded DNA molecules that are separate from the chromosomal DNA .

-They usually occur in bacteria.

-Their size varies from 1 to over 400 kilobasepair(kbp).

-There are from one copy, for large plasmids, to hundreds of copies of the same plasmid present in a single cell
Term
what is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ?
Definition
a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions).
Term
Where does the bacteria and other simple organisms dna located?
Definition
located in the centre of the cell, but not separated from the cytoplasm and by a nuclear envelope.
Term
Draw Schematic of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed! What does it contain?
(slide 22)
Definition
1.Chromosomal DNA
2.Plasmids
Term
What are Yeast ?
Definition
-Yeast is a group of single celled grouped under fungi.

-A few species of which are commonly used to leaven bread and ferment alcoholic beverages.

-A few yeasts, such as Candida can cause infection in humans.
Term
What species cause 80 percent of yeast infections ?
Definition
-About 80 percent of yeast infections are caused by a specific species of Candida, called Candida albicans.
Term
what is Candida? where can you find them? and what are its symptoms?
Definition
it`s a type of yeast or fungus, is normally found in the body.
Symptoms include:
 -Thick, white, odorless vaginal discharge
-Vaginal itching and burning.
-Pain or discomfort with urination or sexual intercourse.
-Vulva redness or irritation.
Term
what is the most commonly used yeast that is used for commercial purposes? and what does it used for?
Definition
----Saccharomyces cerevisiae
*domesticated for wine
*bread and beer production thousands of years ago.
Term
How do the yeasts are produced for leavening bread?
Definition
Yeasts for leavening bread may be produced commercially or caught from the environment.
Term
what kind of the yeast are present on top of skins of grapes?
Definition
Wild yeast is naturally present on the skins of grapes.
Term
How do the winemakers decide what kind of yeast to use?
Definition
Winemakers use a variety of different yeasts depending on
*the type of wine
** the condition of the grapes.
Term
is the bacteria larger or yeast? size of yeasts?
Definition
Yeast varies greatly in size but is larger than bacteria.
Term
Aerobic condition
Definition
presence of oxygen
Term
Anaerobic condition
Definition
absence of oxygen
Term
What kind of conditions do the yeast live in?
Definition
Many grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobic conditions) and others in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions).
Term
What kind of sexual and asexual reproduction do the yeasts have? and what does they go through?
Definition
****Yeasts can reproduce asexually through budding
**** sexually through the formation of spores.
Term
what are the enzymes that were identified?
Definition
Several thermostable enzymes, like the Taq polymerase have been identified and widely used in PCR and other reactions.
Term
what does the cellulase obtained from?
Definition
obtained from E.coli and degrades cellulose, a polysaccharide in plant cells.
Term
what does the denim jean is treated with? and where does it come from?
Definition
* is treated with cellulose, from fungi
*Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger, to give the faded look and texture.
Term
what does the enzyme can be called?
Definition
Enzymes can rightly be called the catalytic machinery of living systems.
Term
What is the enzymes responsibility ?
Definition
Enzymes are responsible for fermentation of sugar to ethanol by yeasts, a reaction that forms the bases of beer and wine manufacturing.
Term
what do the enzymes oxidize ethanol to? what does this reaction used as?
Definition
Enzymes oxidize ethanol to acetic acid. This reaction has been used in vinegar production for thousands of years.
Term
Most industrial enzymes are what?
Definition
More than 75% of industrial enzymes are hydrolases. Protein-degrading enzymes constitute about 40% of all enzyme sales
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