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Biostat
NOVA fall sems
56
Medical
Graduate
11/14/2010

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Term
data that is measurable or countable
Definition
Quantitative
Term
data with relative zero...this consider zero has value.
Give example:
Definition
interval data.

Temperature
Term
data with absolute zero-- zero means no value is __________ .
example:
Definition
ratio data
grade, height, weight, length, money
Term
__________ is one that can take only a finite or countable set of values.

give example:
Definition
discrete.

Example:
# of blocks (can not have 1/2 of a block)
# of attacks of asthma per week.
# of children (cant have 1/2 of the kid)
Term
Unit of measurement that can take on an infinite set of values.
for example : weight
blood pressure
height
age
Definition
continuous
Term
meaningfully ordered categories is ___________. ( best to worst ranking, age categories)
Definition
Ordinal data
another defi..
---are categorical data where there is a logical ordering to the categories.
A good example is the Likert scale that you see on many surveys: 1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neutral; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree.
Term
categories without a meaningful order identify ______________ . political affiliation, industry classification, ethnic/cultural groups)
Definition
Nominal data

another defi:::: are categorical data where the order of the categories is arbitrary. A good example is race/ethnicity has values 1=White, 2=Hispanic, 3=American Indian, 4=Black, 5=Other. Note that the order of the categories is arbitrary.

Certain statistical concepts are meaningless for nominal data. For example it would be silly to ask what are the mean and standard deviation are for race/ethnicity
Term
two category of qualitative ?
two category of quantitative ?
Definition
qualitative: nominal and ordinal

quantitative : discrete and continuous data
Term
give more example of nominal data
Definition
sex,
alive or dead
blood group o a b ab
Term
give more example of ordinal data
Definition
Copy paste from side 32..shit doesnt make sense but here it is...

Grade (i.e. of breast cancer)
Better, same, worse
Disagree, neutral, agree
Term
in measurements out of 4 choice
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

which one is ...Ordinal measurement but the differences between the scores are equal?
Definition
Interval
Term
in measurements out of 4 choice
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

which one is ..When the amt of variable is placed in order of magnitude?
Definition
Ordinal
Term
n measurements out of 4 choice
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

which one is classification of variable into diff categories
Definition
nominal
Term
n measurements out of 4 choice
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

which one is... measurement has a true zero point, absence of that variable
Definition
Ratio
Term
define Sample
Definition
A subset or subgroup that should be representative of the population of interest. The scientific notation for sample is n.
Term
__________ : generalization about a population based on sample data
Definition
Statistical Inference

From wiki: Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation
Term
what is Measure of reliability ?
Definition
statement about the uncertainty associated with an inference
Term
Question – a hospital conducts exit surveys from their emergency department, selecting every 10th person who exits the hospital.
Is this a random sample?
Definition
no -- slide 41 chap 1
Term
define population
Definition
Population – the set of units we are interested in learning about
example – all 1450 emergency room patients seen
Term
Define Variable
Definition
Variable – characteristic of an individual population unit (What are we measuring?)
example – age, gender, admission diagnosis
Term
Define Value in inferential statistics
Definition
Value – what unit of measurement are we using?
Term
end of Chap 1...god i want to committee suicide....
Definition
Term
in Pareto Diagram bars are arranged in which order
Definition
Bars are arranged in decreasing order from Left to Right.
Used for targeting major causes.
Term
to achieve our goal.. what are 3 main aspects of distribution of data is shown on graph?
Definition
- think : SCS

Shape – look at the graphs

Center – what number is in the middle?

Spread – how much variation?
Term
what kind of graph of a distribution that when folded in half, produces two identical shapes?
Definition
Symmetry
Term
in what shape graph a distribution in which scores are clustered at one end, and rarity of scores (the tail) occur on the other end.
Definition
skewness
Term
the graph is ___________ if the tail (rare scores) occurs for the high scores to the right
Definition
positively skewed /\
\
Term
the graph is ___________ if the tail (rare scores)
occurs for the low scores to the left
Definition
negatively skewed .. /\
/
/
Term
tendency of data to center about certain numerical values is called ________
name 3 that are used commonly
Definition
central tendency

Mean
Median
Mode
Term
Define mean, median and mode
Definition
Mean: the sum of scores divided by the number of scores (average)

Median: the score with an equal amount of scores above and below it (50th percentile)

Mode: the score that occurs the most often
Term
just read ...
Definition
The Median
Middle number when observations are arranged in order (not always the “number in the middle” - repeat values change relation to real limits)
Median denoted by m
Identified as :
the observation if n is odd
the mean of the middle two observations
if n is even
Term
just read about mode
Definition
The most frequently occurring value in the data set
If all values are different, there is no mode. Mode can be unimodal, bimodal,or multimodal

Data displayed in a histogram will have a modal class – the class with the largest frequency
Term
what do you know about dispersion?

know 5 things
Definition
Refers to the variety exhibited by a set of observations

If all values in a data set are the same, there is no dispersion,

If the values are not all the same, dispersion is present

If values are different and close together, the dispersion is small

If the values are different and far apart, the dispersion is greater
Term
Other terms used synonymously with dispersion are:
Definition
oo this is a good test question ..lol


-Variation
-variability - Spread
- Scatter
Term
variability the spread of the data across possible values
3 commonly used measures of variability
are ?
Definition
1) Range
2) variance
3) standard deviation.
Term
define Range
Definition
largest measurement minus the smallest measurement.
Term
what is Useful as a measure of variation within a given set of data
Definition
Standard deviation
Term
A Normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1 is also known as the
Definition
Standard Normal Distribution
Term
z-core --dont know what it is..look it up
Definition
Z-score – the distance between a measurement x and the mean, expressed in standard units
Term
what is percentile rankings
Definition
Percentile rankings make use of the pth percentile
The median is an example of percentiles.
Median is the 50th percentile
(50% of observations lie above it,
and 50% lie below it)

For any p, the pth percentile has p% of the measures lying below it, and (100-p)% above it
Term
box plots
Definition
measurements between inner and outer fences are suspect
measurements beyond outer fences are highly suspect
Term
to detect outliers using z score
Definition
Z-scores
Scores of 3 in mounded distributions (2 in highly skewed distributions) are considered outliers
Term
In statistical significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true
Definition
Def of P-value
Term
null hypothesis ?
Definition
The null hypothesis is stated, “There is NO difference between the two study groups
note : More scientifically stated, the null hypothesis would be:
“In patients with CAD, there is no difference in the cumulative five-year incidence of MIs between patients assigned to take ASA daily and patients assigned to take Med B daily”.
Term
Alternated hypothesis

note :
Statistical testing is always done as an exercise to disprove the null hypothesis
Definition
n research, an alternate hypothesis, or research hypothesis, is generated which disagrees with the null hypothesis .

The alternate hypothesis would be stated:
“In patients with CAD, there IS a difference in the cumulative five-year incidence of MIs between patients assigned to take ASA daily and patients assigned to take Med B daily”.
Term
two tailed alternate hypothesis ..
Definition
There is a difference between ASA and Med B regarding the incidence of MIs in CAD patients.
(Perhaps ASA is better than Med B, or perhaps Med B is better than ASA. The two-tailed hypothesis does NOT state the direction of difference).
One-Tailed Alternate Hypothesis: ASA is better than Med B.
One-Tailed Alternate Hypothesis: Med B is better than ASA.
Term
which tailed hypothesis should be chosen?
Definition
Most authorities advocate a two-tailed approach unless there exists strong evidence that the one-tailed alternative hypothesis could not go in any other direction.
Term
ooo just know this ..this is red


Another guidepost is needed to help the researcher decide if a result is likely due to chance alone, meaning it is not statistically significant, or if it is unlikely due to chance alone, meaning it is statistically significant
Definition
Term
That point, or the line in the sand, is most often set at 0.05 and it is know as Alpha (a ).
Definition
Alpha region:
The most commonly accepted alpha criterion is 5%. (0.05)--this might be on test. she repeated 3 times in the powerpoint
Term
Type I and Type II error
Definition
When the results of our statistical test lead us to arrive at a false conclusion we have made a type I (alpha) or type II (beta) error.

When we falsely reject the null hypothesis, we have committed a type I error.
The type I error corresponds to the alpha, or the criterion for rejection of the null.

When we falsely accept the null hypothesis, we have committed a type II error.
This can happen when our sample size is too small to detect the differences in the variables being studied.
Term
example of type 1 and type II error
Definition
Type I Error – (false alarm)
innocent person is found guilty

Type II Error – (missing a detection)
guilty person is found innocent
Term
Parametric tests are significance tests for what what kind of data?
Definition
data from interval or ratio scales
Term
Nonparametric tests are used to test hypotheses with what kind of data?
Definition
nominal and ordinal data.
Term

slide no 10 chart in chap 11 impt.

 

Decision tree for hypothesis testing
Definition

population SD known ?

if yes: z-score

if no: t-score

Term
Z test is used with what size sample
Definition
large
Term
T-test is used with what kind of sample size
Definition
The t-test is appropriate when the population variances are not known but the population distribution is normal
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