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Biopsychology
Exam 3 Material (Pinel e7)
143
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/16/2010

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Term
Bregma
Definition
the point on the top of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect
Term
Stereotaxic Atlas
Definition
used to locate brain structures similarly to the way a geographic atlas locates geographic landmarks
Term
Stereotaxic Instrument
Definition
A system of precision gears consisting of 2 parts: a head holder and an electrode holder.
Term
Aspiration
Definition
method in which cortical tissue is drawn off by suction through a fine-tipped handheld glass pipette
Term
Cryogenic Blockade
Definition
coolant is pumped through an implanted cryoprobe that cools neurons until they stop firing
Term
Cannula
Definition
a fine, hollow tube that has been stereotaxically implanted in the brain; allows drugs can be administered in small amounts
Term
Neurotoxins
Definition
neural poisons that have an affinity for certain components of the nervous system (used for specific lesioning)
Term
Autoradiography
Definition
neural slices are coated with a photographic emulsion, stored in the dark for a few days, and then developed much like film
Term
Cerebral Dialysis
Definition
a method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals (does not need death of animal)
Term
Immunocytochemistry
Definition
a procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies
Term
In Situ Hybridization
Definition
technique that takes advantage of the fact that all peptides and proteins are transcribed from sequences of nucleotide bases on strands of messenger RNA
Term
Gene Knockout Techniques
Definition
procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation
Term
Gene Replacement Techniques
Definition
replacing one gene with another (in mice)
Term
Transgenic Mice
Definition
mice that contain the genetic material of another species
Term
Behavioral Paradigm
Definition
a single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Definition
(WAIS)a type of IQ test used by neuropsychologists to use as a baseline to interpret further tests
Term
Digit Span
Definition
identifies the longest sequence of random digits that a patient can repeat correctly 50% of the time
Term
Token Test
Definition
a screening test for language-related deficits; a subject must follow verbal instructions that get increasingly more difficult
Term
Sodium Amytal Test
Definition
involves injecting the anesthetic sodium amytal into either the left or right carotid artery in the neck- usually used to determine the dominant language hemisphere prior to brain surgery
Term
Dichotic Listening Test
Definition
sequences of spoken digits are presented to subjects through stereo headphones, 3 numbers in one ear followed by 3 in the other; subjects must recall as many 6 digit sequences as they can
Term
Repetition Priming Tests
Definition
used to assess deficits in explicit and implicit memories as expressed in amnesic patients; e.g. using pu_p_ _ as a primer for "purple"
Term
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Definition
a test to determine the extent of damage to the frontal lobes of the brain; cards with different colors and images are presented and must be seperated by rules not told to the subject. they are only given feedback of "right" or "wrong". Once they figure out the rule, the rule changes. frontal lobe damage prevents subjects from recognizing the rule change despite the negative feedback
Term
Cognitive Neuroscience
Definition
goal is to identify the parts of the brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes
Term
Constituent Cognitive Processes
Definition
complex cognitive processes results from combined activity of these simple cognitive processes
Term
Paired-Image Subtraction Technique
Definition
involves obtaining PET or fMRI images during several different cognitive tasks (e.g. word associations)
Term
Species-Common Behaviors
Definition
displayed by virtually all members of a species, or at least by all those of the same age and sex
Term
Open-Field Test
Definition
subject is placed in a large barren chamber and its activity is recorded.low activity scores and high bolus counts are indicators of fearfulness
Term
Thigmotaxic
Definition
the propensity to stay near walls within a test chamber and rarely engaging in activities such as rearing and grooming; often displayed by fearful mice
Term
Colony-Intruder Paradigm
Definition
aggressive and defensive behavior observed and measured during combative encounters between dominant male rats in an established colony and a smaller male intruder
Term
Elevated Plus Maze
Definition
a four-armed, plus-sign shaped maze that is typically mounted 50cm abouve the floor; a test of defensiveness commonly used to study the anxiolytic effects of drugs in mice
Term
Lordosis
Definition
when a female rat is in heat, she will stick her hindquarters in the air and bend her back into a U shape while deflecting her tail to one side
Term
Intromission
Definition
when a male rat inserts his penis into a female rat's vagina
Term
Ejaculates
Definition
when a male rat ejects his sperm
Term
Lordosis Quotient
Definition
proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis (most common measure of female rat sexual behavior)
Term
Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm
Definition
experimenter pairs a conditional stimulus with an unconditional stimulus; as a result of these pairings the conditional stimulus eventually acquires the capacity for each individual stimulus to elicit the response
Term
Operant Conditioning Paradigm
Definition
the rate at which a particular voluntary response is emitted is increased by reinforcement and decreased by punishment
Term
Self-Stimulation Paradigm
Definition
animals press a lever to deliver electrical stimulation to pleasure centers in the brain
Term
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Definition
the avoidance response that develops to tastes of food whose consumption has been followed by illness
Term
Radial Arm Maze
Definition
used to study spatial abilities; an array of arms (usually 8) radiating from a central starting area. At the end of each arm is a food cup which may or may not be baited.
Term
Morris Water Maze
Definition
rats are placed in a circular, featureless pool of cool milky water, in which they must swim until they discover an invisible platform that is just beneath the surface of the opaque water
Term
Conditioned Defensive Burying
Definition
rats receive a single aversive stimulus from an object mounted on the wall of a chamber just above the floor, which is littered with bedding material. The fear response is instigated causing the rat to bury itself in the bedding.
Term
Pharmacological
Definition
pertaining to the scientific study of drugs
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system
Term
Drug Metabolism
Definition
liver enzymes stimulate the conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms
Term
Cross Tolerance
Definition
one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism
Term
Drug Sensitization
Definition
increasing sensitivity to a drug
Term
Drug Tolerance
Definition
a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it
Term
Metabolic Tolerance
Definition
drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action
Term
Functional Tolerance
Definition
drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug
Term
Withdrawal Syndrome
Definition
after a drugs long-term presence within the body, its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction
Term
Physically Dependent
Definition
individuals who suffer withdrawal reactions when they stop taking a drug
Term
Addicts
Definition
habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite repeated efforts to stop using it
Term
Contingent Drug Tolerance
Definition
refers to demonstration that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced
Term
Before-and-After Design
Definition
2 groups of subjects reveive the same series of drugs injections and the same series of repeated tests, but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test
Term
Conditioned Drug Tolerance
Definition
refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered
Term
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Definition
stimuli that repeatedly predict the effects of a drug come to elicit greater and greater conditioned compensatory responses that increasingly counteract the unconditional effects of the drug and produce situationally specific tolerance
Term
Exteroceptive Stimuli
Definition
external, public stimuli, such as the drug-administration environment
Term
Interoceptive Stimuli
Definition
internal, private stimuli
Term
Nicotine
Definition
the major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco
Term
Smoker's Syndrome
Definition
characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract
Term
Buerger's Disease
Definition
affects mostly males; the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, become constricted (may lead to amputation)
Term
Depressant
Definition
moderate-to-high doses depresses neural firing (but at low doses it can stimulate neural firing and facilitate social interaction)
Term
Delirium Tremens
Definition
AKA: DTs; characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia (occurs 3-4 days after cessation of drinking)
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition
a neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and in advanced stages, dementia
Term
Cirrhosis
Definition
extensive scarring; major cause of death among heavy alcohol users
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
AKA (FAS); brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity
Term
Cannabis sativa
Definition
the common hemp plant; dried leaves and flowers are marijuana
Term
THC
Definition
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; causes the psychoactive effects of marijuana
Term
Hashish
Definition
most of the cannabinoids are found in a sticky resin covering the leaves and flowers of the cannibus plant, which can be extracted and dried to form a dark corklike material
Term
Narcotic
Definition
a legal term generally used to refer to opiates
Term
Anandamide
Definition
"internal bliss"; the first endocannabinoid neurotransmitter to be isolated and characterized
Term
Cocaine
Definition
commonly abused stimulant (once included in soda)
Term
Crack
Definition
a potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine
Term
Cocaine Sprees
Definition
binges in which extremely high levels of intake are maintained for periods of a day or two; induces increasing tolerance; ends when the cocaine is gone or begins to have serious toxic effects
Term
Cocaine Psychosis
Definition
the syndrome of psychotic behavior observed during cocaine sprees
Term
Amphetamine
Definition
(speed); usually consumed orally in the potent form called d-amphetamine; effects are comparable to those of cocaine
Term
Opium
Definition
sap that exudes from the seeds of the opium poppy (has several psychoactive ingredients)
Term
Morphine and Codeine
Definition
weaker relatives of opium
Term
Opiates
Definition
morphine, codeine, and other drugs that have similar structures or effects
Term
Analgesics
Definition
painkillers
Term
Harrison Narcotics Act
Definition
passed in 1914; made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the US
Term
Heroin
Definition
excluded from the Harrison Narcotics Act at first; marketed by the Bayer Drug Company, which caused it's addition to the act
Term
Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction
Definition
physical dependence traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms
Term
Detoxified Addicts
Definition
addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms
Term
Positive-Incentive Theories of Addiction
Definition
the primary favor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive (expected pleasure-producing) properties of the drug
Term
Positive-Incentive Value
Definition
the anticipated pleasure associated with an action
Term
Hedonic Value
Definition
the amount of pleasure that is actually produced
Term
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Definition
positive-incentive value of addictive drugs increases with drug use
Term
Relapse
Definition
the return to one's drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence
Term
Drug Priming
Definition
a single exposure to the formerly abused drug
Term
Intracranial Self-Stimulation
Definition
(ICSS)the propensity of animals and humans to administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains (pleasure centers)
Term
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
Definition
a system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon
Term
Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
Definition
neurons that compose the mesotelencephalic dopamine system have their cell bodies in these 2 midbrain nuclei
Term
Nucleus Accumbens
Definition
nucleus of the ventral striatum
Term
Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
Definition
lab rats or primates press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas
Term
Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm
Definition
rats repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment of a two-compartment box
Term
Dopamine Transporters
Definition
molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron
Term
Contrast X-Ray Techniques
Definition
involves injecting a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue
Term
Computed Tomography
Definition
a computer-assisted X-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body.
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
a procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field
Term
Spatial Resolution
Definition
the ability to detect differences in spatial location
Term
Positron Emission Tomography
Definition
a brain-imaging technique that has been widely used in biopsychological research because it provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure
Term
2-Deoxyglucose
Definition
similar to glucose, but not metabolized. shows areas of high activity until it is gradually broken down
Term
Functional MRI
Definition
produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain
Term
BOLD Signal
Definition
blood oxygen level dependent signal
Term
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Definition
measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp that are produced by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity
Term
Temporal Resolution
Definition
records fast changes in neural activity
Term
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Definition
a technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull
Term
Electroencephalography
Definition
a measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain
Term
Alpha Waves
Definition
regular, 8-10 second, high-amplitude waves that are associated with relaxed wakefulness
Term
Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
Definition
EEG waves that accompany certain psychological events
Term
Sensory Evoked Potential
Definition
the change in the cortical EEG signal that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus
Term
Signal Averaging
Definition
method used to reduce the noise of the background EEG
Term
P300 Wave
Definition
the positive wave that occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for the subject
Term
Far-Field Potentials
Definition
the portions of an evoked potential recorded in the first few milliseconds after stimuli that are not meaningful to the subject
Term
Electromyography (EMG)
Definition
the usual procedure for measuring muscle tension
Term
Electrooculography (EOG)
Definition
electrophysiological technique for recording eye movements
Term
Skin Conductance Level (SCL)
Definition
a measure of the background level of skin conductance that is associated with a particular situation
Term
Skin Conductance Response (SCR)
Definition
a measure of the transient changes in skin conductance that are associated with discrete experiences
Term
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Definition
electrical signal that is associated with each heartbeat recorded through electrodes places on the chest
Term
Hypertension
Definition
chronic blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg
Term
Sphygmomanometer
Definition
a crude device composed of a hollow cuff, a rubber bulb for inflating it, and a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cuff (sphygmos means "pulse")
Term
Plethysmography
Definition
refers to the various techniques for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a particular part of the body (plethysmos means "an enlargement"
Term
Stereotaxic Surgery
Definition
the means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain
Term
Radio-Frequency Current
Definition
high-frequency current
Term
Sectioning
Definition
cutting (used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract
Term
Unilateral Lesions
Definition
lesions restricted to one half of the brain
Term
Bilateral Lesions
Definition
lesions involving both sides of the brain
Term
Bipolar Electrode
Definition
two insulated wires wound tightly together and cut at the end
Term
Intracellular Unit Recording
Definition
provides a moment-by-moment record of the graded fluctuations in one neuron's membrane potential
Term
Extracellular Unit Recording
Definition
provides a record of the firing of a neuron but no information about the neuron's membrane potential
Term
Multiple Unit Recording
Definition
picks up signals from many neurons
Term
Intragastrically
Definition
in the stomach
Term
Intraperitoneally (IP)
Definition
in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen
Term
Intramuscularly (IM)
Definition
into a large muscle
Term
Subcutaneously (SC)
Definition
into the fatty tissue beneath the skin
Term
Intravenously (IV)
Definition
into a large surface vein
Term
6-Hydroxy-Dopamine (6-OHDA)
Definition
selective neurotoxin; taken up my norepinergic or dopaminergic receptors
Term
Chromatograph
Definition
a device for measuring the chemical constituents of liquids or gases
Term
Syntax
Definition
grammer of language
Term
Semantics
Definition
meanings of the language
Term
Dose-Response Curve
Definition
a graph of the magnitude of the effect of different doses of the drug
Term
Cerebral Dialysis Studies
Definition
studies in which microsamples of extracellular fluid are continuously drawn from a particular area of the brain of a behaving subject and subjected to chemical analysis
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