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Biopsych Unit 3
vocabulary
124
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/05/2011

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Term
psychoactive drugs
Definition
Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system.
Term
drug metabolism
Definition
The conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms.
Term
cross tolerance
Definition
When exposure of one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism.
Term
drug sensitization
Definition
Increases in sensitivity to a drug.
Term
metabolic tolerance
Definition
Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action.
Term
functional tolerance
Definition
Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug.
Term

physically dependent

 

Definition
Individuals who suffer withdrawel reactions when they stop taking a drug.
Term
Addicts
Definition
Habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
Cause of any compulsive drug taking that occurs in the absence of physical dependence.
Term
contingent drug tolerance
Definition
Refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced.
Term
conditioned drug tolerance
Definition
Refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered.
Term
conditioned compensatory responses
Definition

Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects.

 

Term
conditioned withdrawel effects
Definition
Withdrawel effects that are elicited by the drug environment or by other drug-associated cues.
Term
smoker's syndrome
Definition
Syndrome characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infection of the respiratory tract.
Term
Buerger's disease
Definition
Condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream.
Term
depressant
Definition
Drug that depresses neural firing.
Term
delirium tremens
Definition
The third phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and rapid heartbeat.
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
When chronic alcohol consumption causes extensive scarring of the liver.
Term
stimulants
Definition
Drugs whose primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity.
Term
crack
Definition
Impure form of cocaine that is potent, cheap, and smokable.
Term
cocaine sprees
Definition
Binges in which extremely high levels of intake are maintained for periods of a day or two.
Term
opium
Definition
The sap that exudes from the seeds of the opium poppy.
Term
Harrison Narcotics Act
Definition
Act passed in 1914 that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine or cocaine in the United States.
Term
herion
Definition
Semisynthetic opiate that was widely used after the Harrison Narcotics Act.
Term
detoxified addicts
Definition

Addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms.

[image][image]Wikipedia: Sufijo que entra en la formación de palabras con el significado de: I Acción y efecto: cese, corte, tueste.

Term
positive-incentive theories of addiction
Definition
Theories that say the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive.
Term
incentive-sensitization theory
Definition
Theory that arues that it isn't the pleasure of drug taking per se that is the basis of addiction; it is the anticipated pleasure of drug taking.
Term
intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)
Definition
When a species will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains.
Term
mesotelecephalic dopamine system
Definition
A system of dopaminergic neurons that project from the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon.
Term
drug self-administration paradigm
Definition
When laboratory rats or primates press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas.
Term
conditioned place-preference paradigm
Definition
Paradigm where rats repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment of a two-compartment box.
Term
dopamine transporters
Definition
Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron.
Term
cerebral commissures
Definition
part of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Term
commissurotomy
Definition
Seperation of the two cerebral hemispheres.
Term

aphasia

[image][image]Wikipedia: A# - A separable component of Version 2 of the AXIOM* computer algebra system.

Definition
Brain damage-produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language.
Term
Broca's area
Definition
inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere.
Term
apraxia
Definition
When patients have difficulty performing movements when asked to perform them out of context, even though they can do the same movements when they're not thinking about it.
Term
dominant hemisphere
Definition
left hemisphere
Term
minor hemisphere
Definition
right hemisphere
Term
sodium amytal test
Definition
Test of language lateralization given to patients prior to surgery to see which side of the brain is dominant for language.
Term
dextrals
Definition
right-handers
Term
sinestrals
Definition
left-handers
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
largest cerebral commissure
Term
scotoma
Definition
Area of blindness produced by cutting the optic chiasm.
Term
visual completion
Definition
Phenomenon seen in split-brain patients when individuals are unaware of their scomatas so the brain has the capacity to fill them in.
Term
chimeric figures test
Definition
Test used to demonstrate visual completion in patients and pictures of two fused faces are shown to subjects and researchers find that they only see one complete, symetrical face.
Term
Z lens
Definition
Lens developed by Zaidel and it limits visual imput to one hemisphere of split-brain patients while they scan scan complex visual material such as pages of a book.
Term
planum temporale
Definition
area of the temporal lobe that is located in the posterior region of the lateral fissure and it is thought to play a role in comprehension of langauge.  Also called Wernicke's area.
Term
Heschl's gyrus
Definition
Location of the primary auditory cortex.
Term
frontal operculum
Definition
Lies in the front of the face area of the primary motor cortex, in the left hemisphere it is the location of the Broca's area.
Term
expressive or Broca's aphasia
Definition
Type of aphasia characterized by normal comprehension of both written and spoken language and by speech that retains meaningfulness despite being slow, labored, disjointed, and poorly articulated.
Term
receptive, Wernicke's aphasia, or word salad
Definition
Type of aphasia characterized by poor comprehension of both written and spoken language and speech that is still meaningless but still retains the superficial structure, rhythm, and intonation of normal speech.
Term
arcuate fasciculus
Definition

Pathway connecting Broca's and Wernicke's area.

[image][image]Wikipedia: p definition: the 16th letter of the English alphabet.

Term
conduction aphasia
Definition
Type of aphasia when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged and patients still are able to comprehend langauge and speech but they have difficulty repeating words that had just been heard.
Term
alexia
Definition
Inability to read.
Term
agraphia
Definition
Inability to write.
Term
angular gyrus
Definition
Area of the left temporal lobe and parietal cortex just posterior to Wernicke's area that has been implicated to play a role in language.
Term
global aphasia
Definition
Disruption of all language-related abilities that are usually associated with large left-lobe brain damage or lesions.
Term
lexical procedure
Definition
Reading procedure based on specific stored information that has been acquired about written words.
Term
phonetic procedure
Definition
Reading procedure where the reader looks at the word, recognizes the letters, sounds them out and says the word.
Term
Surface dyslexia
Definition
When people have lost the ability to pronounce words based on their specific memories of the words (lost lexical procedure).
Term
deep dyslexia
Definition
When people have lost their ability to apply rules of pronunciation in their reading (lost phonetic procedure).
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
States that emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system.
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
States that emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects: They excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
Term
decorticate cats
Definition
Cats whose cortex has been removed.
Term
sham rage
Definition
Reference to the exaggerated, poorly directed aggresive responses of decorticate animals.
Term
limbic system
Definition
Collection of nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus.
Term
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Definition
When the anterior temporal lobes are removed and this syndrome includes the following behaviors: consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inapproprate objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth and a lack of fear.
Term
polygraphy
Definition
Method of interrogation that employs autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of the subject's responses.
Term
control-question technique
Definition
Interrogation method where the physiological response to the target question is compared with the physiological responses to the control questions whose answers are known.
Term
guilty-knowledge technique
Definition
When a polygrapher assesses the suspects reaction to a list of actual and contrived details of the crime.  Innocent people will react to all of the details in the same way because they have no knowledge of the crime whereas the guilty react differently.
Term
facial feedback hypothesis
Definition
Hypothesis that our facial expressions influence our emotional experience.
Term
Duchenne smile
Definition
Genuine smile
Term
target-site concept
Definition
The idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own.
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
Hormone released from the anterior pituitary by stressors acting on neural circuits.
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
ACTH triggers the release of these from the adrenal cortex and the glucocorticoids produce many of the effects of stress response.
Term
subordination stress
Definition
When conspecific (members of the same species) threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life.
Term
gastric ulcers
Definition
Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum due to stress, which in extreme cases can be life-threatening.
Term
psychoneuroimmunology
Definition
The study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system.
Term
antigens
Definition
Protein molecules on the surface of a cell that identify it as a native or foreign molecule that plays a role in specific immune reactions.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
The process by which foreign microorganisms and debris are consumed and destroyed by phagocytes.
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
Specialized white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and are stored in the lymphatic system.
Term
macrophage
Definition
A type of large phagocyte that ingests microorganisms in cell-mediated immune reactions.
Term
antibodies
Definition
Lethal receptor molecules that are released into the intracellular fluid, where they bind to the foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the microorganisms that possess them (during antibody-mediated immunity).
Term
fear conditioning
Definition
Establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Term
contextual fear conditioning
Definition
The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli.
Term
Urbach Wiethe disease
Definition
A genetic disorder that often results in calcification (hardening by calcium carbonate) of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres.
Term
prosody
Definition
Emotional tone of voice.
Term
psychiatric disorder
Definition
A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.
Term
chlorpromazine
Definition
First antischizophrenic drug discovered in the early 1950's.
Term
reserpine
Definition
Another type of schizophrenic drug that is the active ingredient in snakeroot plants.
Term
haloperidol
Definition
Type of antischizophrenic drug that had high potency, but relatively low affinity for dopamine receptors.
Term
neuroleptics
Definition
antischizophrenic drugs
Term
clozapine
Definition
The most effective atypical neuroleptic for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Term
positive schizophrenic symptoms
Definition

incoherence hallucinations, and delusions

 

Term
negative schizophrenic symptoms
Definition
lack of affect, cognitive deficits, and poverty of speech.
Term
affective disorder
Definition
psychotic disorder of emotion
Term
mania
Definition
Affective disorder that is the opposite of depression.
Term
bipolar affective disorder
Definition
Depressive patients who also experience periods of mania.
Term
reactive depression
Definition
Depression caused by a negative experience like death, loss of job, or loss of a friend.
Term
endogenous depression
Definition
Depression with no apparent cause.
Term
Iproniazid
Definition
First antidepressant drug that was originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis, which was a flop.
Term
monoamine oxidase
Definition
The enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm of the neuron.
Term
cheese effect
Definition
When MAO inhibitors, like Iproniazid, have a side effect where foods such as cheese, wine and pickles contain an amine called tyramine that is a potent elevator of blood pressure. MAO inhibitors slow the metabolism of tyramine so blood pressure can easily rise from these foods.
Term
Imipramine
Definition
Tricyclic antidepressant that was first thought to be an antischizophrenic drug.
Term
mood stabilizer
Definition
A drug that blocks the rapid transition between depression and mania rather than treating depression.
Term
Prozac
Definition
Antidepressant that was the first SSRI drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin from synapses.
Term
monoamine theory of depression
Definition
Most widely accepted theory of depression that depression is associated with underactivity at serotonergic and noradreneric synapes.
Term
up-regulation
Definition
Process of compensatory proliferation of receptors.
Term
diathesis
Definition
genetic susceptibility
Term
anhedonia
Definition
The inability to experience pleasure.
Term
anxiety
Definition
Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat.
Term
anxiety disorder
Definition
Anxiety that becomes so severe that it disrupts normal functioning.
Term
generalized anxiety disorders
Definition
Characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety that occur in the absence of any obvious precipitating stimulus.
Term
phobic anxiety disorders
Definition
similar to generalized anxity disorders except that they are triggered by exposure to particular objects.
Term
panic disorders
Definition
Characterized by rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress.
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorders
Definition
Characterized by frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses.
Term
posttraumatic stress disorder
Definition
A persistant pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
Fear of public places and open spaces.
Term
Benzodiazepines
Definition
Drugs such as Librium or Valium that are widely prescribed treatments for anxiety disorders, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
Term
buspirone
Definition
Serotonin agonists that is used for treatment of anxiety disorders.
Term
tourette syndrome
Definition
A disorder of involuntary, repetitive, sereotyped movements or vocalizations.
Term
clinical trials
Definition
Studies that are conducted on human subjects to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment.
Term
active placebos
Definition
Control drugs that have no therapeutic effect but produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation.
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