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BioPsych Midterm
exam 1 biopsychology
68
Psychology
Graduate
03/17/2019

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Cards

Term
What is NMDA
Definition
A type of glutamate receptor involved in memory
Term
What is the most common inhibitory receptor?
Definition
GABA
Term
Three jobs of a neuron
Definition
reception, conducting, and transmission of electrochemical signals
Term
Parts of the receptive zone of a neuron
Definition
cell body & dendrites
Term
Parts of the transmission zone of the neuron
Definition
Axon, (myelin, cytoskeleton, terminal buttons)
Term
Parts of cytoskeleton and what they do
Definition
1) Neurofilaments (maintain structure and shape)
2) Microtubules (transportation of materials)
Term
What type of cells create myelin
Definition
Schwann cells (in the PNS) and oligodendrocytes (in the CNS)
Term
Nodes of Ranvier versus internodes
Definition
Nodes are the places where there is no myelin, internodes are where there IS myelin
Term
Three types of Macroglia?
Definition
astrocytes, oligodendroctyes, Schwann cells
Term
Type of microglia and what it does
Definition
Macrophages: scavengers that remove cellular debris
Term
What are the small bumps on dendrites called and what is their function?
Definition
Dendritic spines: increased surface area for more reception, can change in shape and number as part of plasticity
Term
Difference in the way that information is transmitted between versus within neurons
Definition
Information moves between neurons in a chemical way and within neurons in electrochemical ways
Term
What are the types of brain tumors (neoplasms)?
Definition
Glioma, meningioma, metastatic
Term
Which types of brain tumors usually come in multiples?
Definition
Metastatic and meningioma
Term
What are gliomas?
Definition
Tumors that arise from glial cells, usually infiltrate, 45% of brain tumors
Term
Characteristics of dendrites (shapes)?
Definition
Short, decrease in diameter, display ARBORIZATION (branching out like a tree)
Term
What are ion channels made of
Definition
proteins
Term
Are microglia part of the blood brain barrier?
Definition
No
Term
What are plaques?
Definition
Patchy areas of destroyed myelin (disrupt AP because they don’t have the sodium and potassium channels)
Term
What two factors affect conduction velocity
Definition
presence of myelin, neuron diameter
Term
Charge and permeability of proteins?
Definition
They have a negative charge and low membrane permeability
Term
What does the sodium potassium pump do?
Definition
Structure in the membrane which uses energy to create resting potential by pumping 3 sodium out for every 2 sodium in
Term
Why is there such a large variety of MS sxs?
Definition
Because there are many different areas of the brain that the plaques can be and affect (sensory, motor, spinal, etc.)
Term
Most common type of neuron?
Definition
Multipolar neuron
Term
What are astrocytes?
Definition
Macroglia that are wrapped around blood vessels. They are the largest glial cells, star shaped, provide structural support, part of BBB, help repair tissue, assist with reuptake, etc.
Term
What type of macroglia form myelin in the CNS?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes; one of these can myelnate many neurons
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
Macroglia that form myelin in the PNS-- each one only myelinates one axon
Term
What forces are created by the sodium potassium pump/resting potential?
Definition
Chemical: Na+ wants in, K+ wants out (concentration)
Electrical: Na+ and K+ want to come in (electrochemical)
Term
Absolute repolarization
Definition
The downhill slope when the neuron is being repolarized and cannot fire another potential yet
Term
What is the most common type of directed synapse?
Definition
Axodendritic, and it is typically excitatory
Term
which type of directed synapse can go in either direction?
Definition
dendrodendritic
Term
Which type of directed synapse is typically inhibitory?
Definition
Axosomatic
Term
Which type of directed synapse mediates presynaptic facilitation and inhibition?
Definition
Axoaxonic (illustration of A on B and C)
Term
Nondirected synapses
Definition
longer way to travel, longer effects,
Term
What ion is involved at the synapse of an AP?
Definition
Ca++ (the channels are activated and there is an influx)
Term
Difference between ionotropic receptor and metabotropic receptor?
Definition
They are both postsynaptic receptors but ionotropic ones are fast and they're part of an ion channel. Metabotropic ones are slow and use a G protein to signal an ion channel far away
Term
Characteristics of postsynaptic potentials?
Definition
they are quicker than action potentials, they travel passively, they are decremental, and they are graded
Term
What happens in an axodendritic synapse?
Definition
The neuron depolarizes (excites) through the opening of either Na or Ca channels-- so that positive ions flow in and the K+ channels close
Term
What happens in an axosomatic synapse?
Definition
It is inhibitory, or the cell becomes hyper polarized, because K+ channels open and let them flow out while Cl- channels open and let Cl inside
Term
temporal summation characteristics
Definition
integrate input over time and happens in one synapse
Term
Spatial summation characteristics
Definition
integrate input across space and happens across multiple synapses
Term
Small molecule NT characteristics
Definition
synthesized in terminal button, released in directed synapses
Term
Large molecule NT characteristics
Definition
neuropeptides, assembled in cell body, taken to terminal via microtubules, released in non-directed synapse
Term
Is DA inhibitory or excitatory, and what drugs are associated?
Definition
Inhibitory (generally), amphetamines and other stimulant are DA agonists (foster release and block reuptake)
Term
Metabolic versus functional tolerance
Definition
metabolic drug tolerance happens when less of the drug gets to the receptor areas because the body learns to metabolize it more quickly, and functional drug tolerance is when there is decreased responsiveness at the site of action
Term
Contingent drug tolerance
Definition
Tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced
Term
Conditioned drug tolerance
Definition
Maximal tolerance seen in environment where drug is usually taken
Term
What are the anatomical planes of section?
Definition
coronal, horizontal, sagittal
Term
What do we call a bundle of axons?
Definition
A nerve
Term
What do we call a group of cell bodies in the CNS?
Definition
Nucleus/nuclei
Term
What do we call a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
Definition
Ganglion/ganglia
Term
What is the protective covering of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) called?
Definition
The meninges
Term
Where does the dorsal root of the vertebrae receive information from?
Definition
The skin and viscera
Term
What is a dermatome?
Definition
A region of the skin that is innervated-- each spinal nerve is responsible for a different section of skin
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
innervates striated muscles, voluntary, initiated by frontal lobe
Term
Autonomic NS
Definition
smooth muscle, mostly involuntary,
Term
Cranial nerves are in charge of what three major functions
Definition
respiratory, cardiac, circulatory (highly related to medulla and pons)
Term
Reticular formation function
Definition
level of arousal, projects to most of cortex
Term
The midbrain is divided into what two sectinos
Definition
tectum (dorsal roof) and tegmentum (ventral floor)
Term
specific symptoms from CHI
Definition
functional impairment where coup and countercoup are, damage to frontal and temporal poles (memory), and overall personality symptoms, problem solving ,etc.
Term
generalized symptoms from CHI
Definition
slow processing speed, concentration problems
Term
How can a TBI affect brain functioning?
Definition
tissue damage, disrupt blood supply, hemorrhage (kills neurons to be bathed in blood), edema (swelling increases pressure), scarring, infection
Term
Axonal shearing
Definition
axons stretch and twist and causes them to break apart-- too much of this can cause a coma
Term
The sympathetic nervous system is mediated by which two neurotransmitters?
Definition
NE and cholinergic
Term
The parasympathetic nervous system is mediated by which neurotransmitters?
Definition
cholinergic
Term
Three parts of the meninges
Definition
dura (hard outer layer), Pia (thin protective layer), arachnoid (spider web like)
Term
3 parts of the hindbrain
Definition
cerebellum, pons, medulla
Term
what structure divides midbrain to roof and floor
Definition
cerebral aqueduct
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