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Biology Test 2
Chapters 3 and 6.1-6.3
33
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2017

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Cards

Term

 

 

 

What role do nutrients play in the body?

Definition
  • Provide Energy
  • Growth
  • Maintenance/Repair
Term

 

 

 

What are nutrients?

Definition
  • Substances in food that provide energy
Term

 

 

 

What are the four macronutrients?

Definition
  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins
Term
Describe the functions of the four macronutrients:
Definition
  • Water: deliver nutrients and oxygen through circulatory system, maintian body temp
  • Carbs: main energy source
  • Proteins: contains amino acids needed for the body
  • Fats: energy, and protection of the organs
 
Term

 

 

 

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Definition
  • Dietary Carbs
  • Complex Carbs
Term

 

 

 

What are proteins made of?

Definition
  • Proteins are made of amino acids found in different foods
Term

 

 

 

What are Essential Amino Acids?

Definition
  • Amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own
Term

 

 

 

What are complete proteins?

Definition
  • Complete proteins contain essential amino acids
Term

 

 

 

Essential Fatty Acids

Definition
  • Fatty acids the body cannot naturally make
Term

 

 

 

Saturated Fat

Definition
  • solid at room temperature
  • CARBON to HYDROGEN BONDS
Term

 

 

 

Unsaturated Fats

Definition
  • CARBON to CARBON BONDS
  • liquid at room temperature
Term

 

 

 

Hydrogenation

Definition
  • Hydrogen gas and vegtable oils are combines to make unsaturdated fats
Term

 

 

 

Trans Fats

Definition
  • Artificially produced fats
Term

 

 

 

What type of foods contain more nutrients, vitamins, and minerals than processed foods?

Definition
  • Whole Foods
Term

 

 

 

Passive Transport does not require what?

Definition
  • Energy
Term

 

 

 

What three ways can passive transport occur by?

Definition
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion: molecules are transported by proteins
  • Osmosis: movement of water across a membrane
Term

 

 

 

What types of concentration does diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis go through?

Definition
  • High concentration to Low concentration
Term

 

 

 

Active transport requires what and goes through what types of concentration?

Definition
  • Requires energy
  • Low concentration to High concentration
Term

 

 

 

What is the name of the process that

  • takes in large molecules to the cell
  • when large molecules leave the cell
Definition
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
Term

 

 

 

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

Definition
  • Structure: made of phospholipids & semi-permiable
  • Function: allows specific substances to pass through the membrane until both sides are entirely balanced & can also stop other substances from entering at all
Term

 

 

 

What happens to the plasma membrane during endocytosis and exocytosis?

Definition
  • Endocytosis: Plasma membrane is pinched inward
  • Exocytosis: Membrane-bound vesciles fuse with the plasma membrane
Term

 

 

 

Cancer cells are a result of what type of cell division?

Definition
  • Replicated
Term

 

 

 

Replicated cell division can produce what types of tumors? Describe each:

Definition
  • Benign: tumors that stay in one place and don't affect surrounding tissue
  • Malignant: tumors that invade and affect surround tissues
  • Metastasize: tumors that break away and start new cancers in other locations
Term

 

 

 

Define Carcinogens:

Definition
  • 20 known cancer causing substances in tobacco smoke
Term

 

 

 

Define DNA:

Definition
  • Deoxyribonucleuic Acid
  • a copy of dividing material from cells
Term

 

 

 

 

Define Genes:

Definition
  • Instructions from DNA for building proteins that cells require
Term

 

 

 

Define Chromosomes:

Definition
  • the structure of DNA wrapped around proteins in the nucleus
Term

 

 

 

Define Sister Chromatids:

Definition
  • Has 1 DNA molecule
  • The copied chromosomes
Term

 

 

 

Define Centromere:

Definition
  • The section of the middle where the sister chromatids are attatched
Term

 

 

 

What are the three steps of the cell cycle?

Definition
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
Term

 

 

 

List and Describe the stages of Mitosis

Definition
  • Interphase: DNA copies
  • Prophase: nuclear envelope breaks down & centrioles move to the poles
  • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
  • Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart
  • Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, centrioles disappear, and DNA turns back to chromatin
  • Cytokinesis: cyptoplasm divides into two cells
Term

 

 

 

Cytokinesis results in the division of how many cells?

Definition
  • TWO cells
Term

 

 

 

What do plant cells have the animal cells don't have?

Definition
  • A cell wall
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