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biology test 4
chapter 17 &18
22
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/13/2012

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Term
Bacteria can transfer DNA to other bacteria using one of the three mechanisms
Definition
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Term
During conjugation, a copy of a bacterial chromosome can be passed on to another bacterium through a tunnel called ?
Definition
sex pilus
Term
In order for conjugation to be possible, the donor bacteria must have the ?
Definition
F factor
Term
In transformation, bacteria take up pieces of DNA that are ?
Definition
released as other bacteria disintegrate
Term
In transduction, bacteria take in DNA by ?
Definition
an infecting virus
Term
all viruses have what and surrounded by what?
Definition
genome
capsid
Term
what is the difference between lytic infection and lysogenic infection?
Definition
A virulent virus will enter the lytic cycle.
A temperate or dormant virus will use the lysogenic cycle
Term
What are the three ways a new virus may emerge?
Definition
1. mutation – flu viruses
2. spread of existing virus from one host species to another – hantavirus SARS ( effect rats)
3. spread from an isolated population – HIV or Ebola
Term
What are transposable elements?
Definition
type of genetic change can alter protein structure and produce an altered phenotype, movement from one location to another in genome
Term
What is the function of restriction enzymes during gene cloning?
Definition
used to cut DNA at specific locations
Term
what is a vector?
Definition
DNA molecules into which a DNA fragment is inserted to form a recombinant DNA molecule for the purpose of cloning
Term
example of a vector
Definition
Bacterial plasmids
Term
What is polymerase chain reaction?
Definition
produces an extremely large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence without having to clone the sequence in a host organism.
Term
What is a transgenic organism?
Definition
Organisms that receive genes from an external source
Term
What is gene therapy? Is it always successful?
Definition
the introduction of a normal gene into particular cell lines to correct genetic disorders. NO
Term
Why would some people have an ethical problem with gene therapy?
Definition
ethical questions due to eugenics, improve the quality of life, mess with god
Term
What are pharm animals? What are they used for?
Definition
animals that turn into production of proteins used to make pharmaceutical products.
Term
How are mammals cloned?
Definition
Splitting off a cell from an embryo (twinning)
Term
What is therapeutic cloning?
Definition
cloning of human cells
Term
What are the differences between the two different types of stem cells used to clone human cells?
Definition
-embryonic stem cells
Isolated from a blastocyst can be developed into any cell type.
Adult stem cells Isolated from organs and is limited in cell type development
Term
Why do scientists prefer to use embryonic stem cells?
Definition
because these unspecialized cells can be developed into any cell type
Term
What are the four predictions for the future with genetic engineering?
Definition
1. new medicines available
2. medicines will be safer due to genome scans
3. longer and healthier life
4. you will be able to design your children
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