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biology test 4
chapter 15 and 16
22
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2012

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Term
transcription
Definition
the mechanism by which information encoded in DNA is made into a complementary RNA copy.
Term
Translation
Definition
uses the information encoded in the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide.
Term
How many bases make up a codon?
Definition
3
Term
How many codons are there?
Definition
64
Term
How many amino acids are there?
Definition
20 and 2 minor ones
Term
Why is the genetic code considered universal?
Definition
because all organisms use the same codon for the same amino acid.
Term
What are the three modifications a mRNA has to go through before leaving the nucleus?
Definition
The 5’ end will get a guanine-containing nucleotide that is reversed.
The 3’ end will get a a chain of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotrides (the poly(a) tail).
mRNA splicing
Term
What are introns?
Definition
Do not have protein-coding sequenses
Term
What are exons?
Definition
Have protein-coding sequences
Term
What are splicesomes?
Definition
complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed hnRNA, (splicing)
Term
What is mutation?
Definition
permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene, a change from one base pair to another
Term
Missense mutation
Definition
Sense codon has been changed to difference sense codon, wrong amino acid; Sickle-cell disease, androgen insensitivity syndrome and achondroplasia
Term
Frameshift muation
Definition
Single base pair deletion or insertion in the coding region of a gene alters the reading frame:
Tay-sachs
Term
Which is more dangerous, a missense mutation or a frameshift mutation?
Definition
Frameshift mutation
Term
What is the difference between inducible and repressible operons?
Definition
Repressible operon, which is always on until it is turned off.
Inducible operon which is always off until it is turned on
Term
Transcriptional level
Definition
Regulation of transcription initiation.
Chromatin remodeling to make genes accessible
Term
Post-transcriptional level
Definition
Variation in pre-mRNA processing Break down mRNA
RNA interference
Term
Translational level
Definition
The rate at which mRNAs are used in protein synthesis
Term
Post-translational level
Definition
Chemical modification
Activation
Degradation
Term
What are the two types of genes that can cause cancer?
Definition
proto-oncogene
tumor suppressor genes
Term
The genes responsible for stimulating cell divisions are ?
If these genes are altered, then they are called ?
Definition
proto-oncogene, oncogenes
Term
The genes responsible for inhibiting cell divisions are ?
Definition
tumor suppressor genes
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