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Biology S2 Final
N/A
128
Biology
9th Grade
06/06/2015

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Term
Asexual
Definition
Genetic clones of parents (bacteria, plants/animals)
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Create new genetic variations, by fertilization (humans)
Term
Fertilization
Definition
Process of fertilizing an egg, female animal or plant involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
Term
Recombination (crossing over)
Definition
Crosses over and creates new alleles in the cell, the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring
Term
Meiosis: (how many daughter cells, how many of parent chromosomes)
Definition
4 daughter cells, half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Term
Mitosis: (characteristics)
Definition
type of cell division, 2 daughter cells, same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, forms body cells, divides once
Term
Urethra
Definition
Carries urine out of body
Term
Penis
Definition
helps urine/semen leave the body
Term
Scrotum
Definition
Outer sack of testicles
Term
Testes
Definition
Produces sperm and hormones
Term
Seminiferous Tubules
Definition
Creates sperm
Term
Vas deferens
Definition
Transports mature sperm to urethra
Term
Bulbourethral Gland
Definition
Add fluids to semen during ejaculation
Term
Prostate Gland
Definition
Nourishes and protects sperm
Term
Seminal Vesicle
Definition
Holds liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen
Term
Ovary
Definition
Produces egg cells
Term
Fallopian Tubes
Definition
Carries egg to uterus
Term
Uterus
Definition
Responsible for development of embryo and fetus where the baby develops
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
Holds the urine
Term
Urethra
Definition
Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of the body
Term
Vagina
Definition
Carries baby out
Term
Cervix
Definition
Connects uterus to vagina, holds the baby in and needs contractions for the baby to come out
Term
Progesterone
Definition
Secreted by corpus luteum at the end of the pregnancy cycle
Term
Estrogen
Definition
Secreted by corpus luteum causes lining of uterus to thicken
Term
LH
Definition
Coming from the brain, causes ovulation, released at the beginning of the cycle
Term
FSH
Definition
Causes puberty to start follicle stimulating
Term
Testosterone
Definition
For males
Term
Follicular
Definition
2-12 days, FSH and LH travel to ovaries, where a follicle matures, produce an increased amount of estrogen
Term
Ovulation
Definition
12-16 days, release of the egg from the ovary into fallopian tubes
Term
Luteal
Definition
As egg moves through the fallopian tube, cells of the ruptured follicle changes, to a yellow colors (corpus luteum) releases estrogen and progesterone which stimulates growth and development of blood supply
Term
Menstruation
Definition
First 7 days, low estrogen levels cause lining of the uterus to detach, the tissue, blood and unfertilized egg is discharged from the vagina
Term
Implantation
Definition
Zygote undergoes meiosis, then becomes a blastocyst (hollow ball of cells) after fertilization the blastocyst attatches to the wall of the uterus and grows into tissues in the other this is the process of implantation
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Different (Dd,Ll,Mm)
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Same (CC, DD, LL)
Term
Recessive
Definition
Lower superior from dominant (lower case, m,l,t)
Term
Dominant
Definition
Dominates, (always uppercase)
Term
Codominance
Definition
Nieither allele is dominant over another, both alleles are expressed and contributed to the phenotype
Term
Incomplete dominance
Definition
one allele doesnt completely dominate another allele resulting in a new phenotype may exhibit a blending or an intermediate of the parents gene
Term
Punnet squares problems:
Definition
Determines the probability of determining a characteristic of someone
Term
Sex linked
Definition
Carried only on x chromosomes, alleles have to include XX XY in the genotype
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
Ability of the blood to clot is reduced causing the sufferer to bleed severly
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Variations help members of species survive in a given environment, selects beneficial adaptation and overtime, trait becomes more prevalent
Term
Darwins Theory
Definition
States that every specie was froma  common ancestor, species varied globally, locally and overtime
Term
Descent with Modification
Definition
One of the main principles, different species descended from a common ancestor
Term
Genetic Variation
Definition
Diversity in gene frequencies
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition
Process by unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Term
Analogous
Definition
different structures, same functions
Term
homologous
Definition
similar genetic structures, different function
Term
vestigial
Definition
no benefit
Term
Speciation
Definition
Formation of a new species
Term
Taxa in order:
Definition
KPCOFGS-kingdom, phylum,class,order,family,genus,species
Term
6 Kingdoms
Definition
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Term
Eubacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic, cell walls, unicellular, bacteria that causes diseases
Term
Archaebacteria
Definition
prokaryotic, unicellular, harsh environments, extremophiles, hot springs,
Term
Protista
Definition
eukaryotic, nucleus, most unicellular, heterotrophic/autotrophic, decomposer, parecium, amoeba, algae
Term
Fungi
Definition
eukaryotic, uni/multicellular, decomposer, mushroom, yeast and mold
Term
Plantae
Definition
eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, pine/oak trees, mosses, ferns, flowering plants,
Term
Animalia
Definition
eukaryotic, no cell walls, multicellular, heterotrophic, birds, mammals, sponges, reptiles
Term
Bionomial Nomenclature
Definition
2 names comprised of genus and species
Term
Logistic Growth
Definition
Population expansion decreases as resources become scarce leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, S-shaped curve
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
the amount it can hold
Term
Exponential Growth
Definition
Constant growth rate
Term
Limiting factors of population growth
Definition
environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem
Term
Invasive Species
Definition
an organism that is not native and has negative effects on our economy, environment, health
Term
Global Warming
Definition
gradual increase in the overall temp and the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants
Term
Biodiversity
Definition
variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
Term
Renewable Resources
Definition
wood/solar energy that can or will be replenished naturally in the course of time
Term
Nonrenewable
Definition
doesnt renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames
Term
Heart
Definition
Pumps blood throughout the entire body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing co2 and other wastes
Term
Atrium
Definition
Receives blood from the body
Term
Ventricle
Definition
pumps blood out of the body
Term
aorta
Definition
carries oxygen-rich blood to the body
Term
Vena cava
Definition
drains blood from the upper body and lower body that empty into the right atrium of the heart
Term
arteries
Definition
large vessels, thick elastic walls, carries blood from the heart to the tissues
Term
veins
Definition
near/between skeletal muscles, pump blood from the lungs to the heart
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest, most narrow and thin, oxygen/nutrients diffuse from the blood into tissues and co2/waste products move to blood
Term
Red blood cells
Definition
carries oxygen, removes co2 from the body, transporting to the lungs to exhale
Term
Oxygen
Definition
Produced by plants energy source for humans
Term
Valve
Definition
prevent blood from flowing backwards, keep blood flowing in a certain direction
Term
Pulmonary Artery
Definition
carries oxygen-rich blood
Term
Pulmonary Vein
Definition
brings oxygen rich blood to artery
Term
Materials Transported
Definition
oxygen and co2
Term
Roles of digestive system
Definition
digest, absorb, eliminate, digest and absorb the food and nutrients uses up energy growth and cell repair, food is turned into smaller molecules when digested into the bloodstream, indigestible food is eliminated and leaves through the rectum
Term
Surface area to volume (digestion)
Definition
as waste increases in size the intestine must be bigger than the waste product, intestines can set a weight limit of how large they can get
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Enzymes break down for food for energy which is absorbed into the body is further broken down then turns into energy or atp
Term
Diffusion
Definition
in small intestines, nutrients lipids and other substances from broken down food are absorbed into the villi and diffused through bloodstream
Term
Mouth
Definition
Breaks down food enzymes in saliva kill pathogens and break down carbs
Term
Esophagus
Definition
Where the bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach
Term
Stomach
Definition
muscle contractions (peristalsis) produce chyme, lining of the stomach has microscopic glands, villi that releases substances into the stomach, glands that make pepsin, mucus and hydrochloric acid
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
Chyme is released here, bile is released from the gallbladder into here, aids in fat digestion
Term
Large intestine
Definition
Absorbs water from indigestible residue from food
Term
Rectum
Definition
Part of the large intestine that holds feces
Term
Anus
Definition
Where waste leaves the body
Term
Liver
Definition
Processes proteins, fats and sugars also helps create amino acids
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Produces enzymes to break down and process food
Term
Chemical digestion
Definition
Breaks down food into small molecules that the body can use by the use of enzymes and acids, occurs in stomach
Term
Mechanical Digestion
Definition
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into small pieces occurs in mouth used by teeth
Term
Role of enzymes
Definition
Break down the food into small molecules so the body can absorb them into the bloodstream to use them in chemical digestion
Term
Brain
Definition
major organ, controls the entire body
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Controls movement and is the largest part of the brain
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Back of skull that is used for coordination
Term
Medulla
Definition
contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor 
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Small endocrine gland as the base of the brain that keeps homeostasis throughout the body
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Forms the spinal cord, central trunk of the mammalian brain
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Produces melatonin, regulates reproductive hormones
Term
Motor neurons
Definition
Carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to mucles and glands
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
Loops that maintain the direction of the stimulus
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Loops that are used to maintain homeostasis in the body
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
Control movement and muscles
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Regulates and controls other parts of the body
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Provides them with the energy needed to send and receive messages throughout the body
Term
Hypothalamus Gland
Definition
Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Controlling the motor systems of the brain which are responsible for voluntary bodily movement and coordination
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
Responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms enviornment into internal electrical impulse
Term
Lungs
Definition
air moves into the lungs but specifically moving into the bronchi eahc bronchus leads to one lung divides into bronchioles and end at alveoli
Term
Bronchi
Definition
From the trachea air moves into two large tubes in the chest cavity
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
Smaller passageways that are divided from a bronchus
Term
Trachea
Definition
Air moves from the pharynx into the trachea or windpipe
Term
alveoli
Definition
millions of tiny air sacs noticable when the bronchioles continue to divide until they reach a series of the dead alveoli which are tiny air sacs
Term
Larynx
Definition
Contains two highly elastic folds of tissues (vocal cords) your ability to sing and shout comes from this
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Air moves through the nose to this cavity at the back of the mouth, permits the passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus or gullet and conducts air to and from the trachea or windpipe during respiration
Term
Nose
Definition
Air enters the body through the nose where it is filtered, moistened and warmed
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