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Biology Review
Bones, Joints, Tissues, Muscles, Heart Function
154
Biology
11th Grade
01/23/2008

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

axial skeleton

Definition
head, neck, trunk
Term

 

 

 

appendicular skeleton

Definition
upper and lower limbs
Term

 

 

 

 

cranial cavity

Definition
portion of axial skeleton that houses the brain
Term

 

 

 

 

thoracic cavity

Definition
the cavity about where your chest is
Term

 

 

 

pelvic cavity

Definition
the cavity where your pelvis is
Term

 

 

diffusion

Definition
tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
Term

 

 

 

 concentration gradient

Definition

difference in concentrations

must exist for diffusion to occur

Term

 

 

 

when can diffusion occur?

Definition

1.)if the cell membrane is permeable to that substance

2.)if a concentration gradient exists such that the substance is at a higher concentration on one side of the membrane or the other

Term

 

 

 

facilitated diffusion

Definition

-movement that follows the concentration gradient but uses membrane proteins as "carriers"

-# of carrier molecules in the cell membrane limits the rate of facilitated diffusion

-form of passive transport

Term

 

 

 

osmosis

Definition

-the diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane

-passive transport

Term
isotonic
Definition
any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
Term

 

 

 

hypertonic

Definition
solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids
Term

 

 

 

hypotonic solution

Definition
has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
Term

 

 

 

filtration

Definition

-a process by which molecules are forced through membranes

-ex. hydrostatic pressure created by weight of water due to gravity forcing water molecules through filter

-passive transport

Term

 

 

 

active transport

Definition

-movement against a  concentration gradient

-requires cellular energy (ATP)

Term

 

 

 

endocytosis

Definition
when molecules or other particles that are too large to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport are conveyed within a vesicle that forms frmo a section of the cell membrane
Term

 

 

 

major cells in connective tissue

Definition

-fibroblasts- most common fixed cell, star-shaped, secretes proteins into matrix

-macrophage- originate as white blood cells, usualyl attached to fibers but can detach, specialized for phagocytosis

-mast cells- large and widely distributed, release herapin and histamine

Term

 

 

 

pinocytosis

Definition

-a form of endocytosis

-cells take in tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings

Term

 

 

 

phagocytosis

Definition

-when a cell "eats" a solid, rather than a liquid

-form of endocytosis

Term

 

 

 

phagocytes

Definition
particles that can take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris
Term

 

 

 

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Definition

-form of endocytosis

-when very specific kinds of particles are moved into a cell (pino- and phagocytosis engulf nonspecifically)

Term

 

 

 

exocytosis

Definition

-substances made within the cell are packaged into a vesicle, which then fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell

-cells secrete some proteins by this process

Term

 

 

 

tissues

Definition

-layers or groups of similar cells with a common function

-can be distinguished by variations in size, shape, organization, and function

Term

 

 

 

histology

Definition
the study of tissues
Term

 

 

 

4 major kinds of tissues

Definition

-epithelial

-connective

-muscular

-nervous

Term

 

 

 

characteristics of epithelial tissue

Definition

-lack blood vessels

-readily divide

-always has a free (apical) surface

-underside always anchored to a basement membrane

-cells are tightly packed

Term

 

 

function of epithelial tissue

Definition

-protection

-secretion

-absorption

-excretion

Term

 

 

 

 

Location of epithelial tissue

Definition

-forms inner lining of body cavities and lines hollow organs, composes glands

 

Term

 

 

 

Characteristics of Connective tissue

Definition

-mostly have good blood supply

-cells are further apart than epithelial cells

-have extracellular matrix in between

-most abundant type of tissue by weight

Term

 

 

 

 Function of connective tissue

Definition

-bind

-support

-protect

-fill spaces

-store fat

-produce blood cells

Term

 

 

 

Location of connective tissue

Definition
widely distributed throughout the body
Term

 

 

 

Characteristics of muscle tissue

Definition
able to contract in response to specific stimuli
Term

 

 

 

Function of muscle tissue

Definition
movement
Term

 

 

 

 

location of muscle tissue

Definition

-attached to bones

-in walls of hollow internal organs

-heart

Term

 

 

 

characteristics of nervous tissue

Definition
-cells communicate with each other and other body parts
Term

 

 

 

location of nervous tissue

Definition

-brain

-spinal cord

-nerves

Term

 

 

 

function of nervous tissue

Definition

-transmit impulses for coordination

-regulation

-integration

-sensory reception

Term

 

 

 

kinds of epithelial tissue

Definition

-simple squamous epithelium

-simple cuboidal epithelium

-simply columnar epithelium

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium

-stratified squamous epithelium

-stratified cuboidal epithelium

-stratified columnar epithelium

-transitional epithelium

-glandular epithelium

Term

 

 

 

simple squamous

Definition

-epithelial 

-single layer

-thin, flattened cells

-broad, thin nuclei

-substances pass through easily

-ex. walls of capillaries

Term

 

 

 

simple cuboidal

Definition

-epithelial

-single layer

-cube-shaped cells

-centrally located, spherical nuclei

-ex. covers ovaries

Term

 

 

 

simple columnar

Definition

-epithelial

-single layer

-elongated cells

-nuclei at same level near basement membrane

-may have cilia

-ex. portions of digestive tract

Term

 

 

 

basement membrane

Definition

-thin, non-living membrane

-anchors epithelial to connective tissues

Term

 

 

 

goblet cells

Definition

-scattered in simple colmnar epithelium

-secrete mucus

Term

 

 

 

psuedostratified columnar

Definition

-epithelial

-appears layered, or stratified

-BUT THEY AREN't!

-nuclei are at two or more levels in a row of cells

-give appearance of layers

-commonly have cilia

-ex. passages of respiratory system

Term

 

 

 

stratified squamous

Definition

-epithelial

-many layers of cells, makes tissue pretty thick

-cells nearest surface are flattened

-deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar

-ex. oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

Term

 

 

 

Stratified Cuboidal

Definition

-epithelial

-2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells

-more protection than single layer

-ex. lines larger ducts of mammary glands

Term

 

 

 

stratified columnar

Definition

-epithelial

-several layers

-superficial cells: elongated

-basal layers: cube-shaped

-ex. in part of male urethra

Term

 

 

 

transitional epithelium

Definition

-epithelial

-specialized to change in response to increased tension

-when contracted- cells cuboidal

-when distended- tissue stretches, apparently less layers

-ex. lining of urinary bladder

Term

 

 

 

glandular epithelium

Definition

-composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids

-exocrine: secrete into ducts that go to open surfaces

-endocrine: secrete into tissue fluid or blood

Term

 

 

 

loose connective tissue

Definition

-areolar

-binds skin to underlying organs

-cells, mainly fibroblasts, are far apart

-separated by ground substance

Term

 

 

 

connective tissue fibers

Definition

-collagenous: thick threads of protein collagen, grouped in long parallel bundles, strong, can resist pulling forces, not elastic, ex. ligaments and tendons

-elastic fibers: composed of elastin, weaker than collagenous but very elastic, ex. vocal cords

-reticular fibers: very thin collagenous fibers

Term

 

 

 

adipose tissue

Definition

-fat

-a form of connective tissue

-cells resemble fibroblasts

-as they accumulate fat droplets, they enlarge

-ex. cushion joints, lies beneath skin, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart

Term

 

 

 

reticular connective tissue

Definition

- composed of thin, collagenous fibers

-provides framework for certain internal organs

-ex. liver

Term

 

 

 

dense connective tissue

Definition

-closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers

-some elastic fibers

-only a few cells, mostly fibroblasts

-often binds body parts together

-hard to repair

-poor blood supply

-thick fibers, interwoven, no organization

-ex. tendons

Term

 

 

 

elastic connective tissue

Definition

-elastic fibers in parallel strands

-between strands are collagenous fibers and fibroblasts

-ex. in walls of larger arteries

Term

 

 

 

cartilage

Definition

-rigid connective tissue

-cartilage cells=chondrocytes

-function: supports, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues, forms structural models

-cartilage extracellular matrix

-lacks direct blood supply

-chondrocytes don't divide frequently

-3 types of cartialge: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

-hyaline cartilage is most common type

Term

 

 

 

Bone

Definition

-most rigid connective tissue

-mineral salts make it hard

-internally supports body structures

-bone matrix deposited by bone cells

-bone cells=osteoblasts

-located in lacunae

-osteoblasts in lacunae=osteocytes

Term

 

 

 

osteoblast

Definition

bone cell

Term

 

 

 

osteocyte

Definition

-bone cell inside a lacunae

-lacunae=tiny, bony chambers

-transport nutrients and waste

 

Term

 

 

osteon

Definition

-unit that bones are made up of

-also called Haversian system

-bones=active tissue

-forms around central canal

Term

 

 

 

 

blood

Definition

-a connective tissue

-red blood cells, white blood cells

-composed of cells suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma

 

Term

 

 

 

Skeletal muscle tissue

Definition

-forms muscles that usually attach to bones

-voluntary muscle tissue

-skeletal muscle cells are long and narrow

-cells are striated

-nerve cells stimulate muscle contraction

-multinucleate

Term

 

 

 

smooth muscle tissue

Definition

-lacks striations

-spindle shaped

-single, centrally located nucleus

-actions of smooth muscle are involuntary

Term

 

 

 

cardiac muscle tissue

Definition

-only in the heart

-cells: striated, branched, one nuclei

-involuntary

Term

 

 

 

nervous tissue

Definition

-found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

-nerve cells=neurons

-highly specialized: can sense changes in surroundings and respond by transmitting nerve impulses along cellular processes to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Term

 

 

 

Bone classification

Definition

-long bones, ex. femur

-short bones, ex. ankles + wrists

-flat bones, ex. ribs

-irregular bones, ex. vertebrae

-sesamoid/round bones, ex. patella

Term

 

 

 

Parts of long bone

Definition

-epiphysis

-articular cartilage

-diaphysis

-periosteum

-trabeculae

-medullary cavity

-endosteum

-marrow

Term

 

 

 

 

epiphysis

Definition

-expanded portion at end of each long bone

-distal or proximal

-articulates with another bone

 

Term

 

 

 

articular cartilage

Definition

-layer of hyaline cartilage

-covers articulating portion of epiphysis

Term

 

 

 

diaphysis

Definition

-shaft of long bone

-between the epiphyses

-wall made of compact bone

Term

 

 

 

compact bone

Definition

-tightly packed bone tissue

-continuous extracellular matrix w/ no gaps

-heavy in comparison to spongy

Term

 

 

 

spongy bone

Definition

-cancellous bone

-many branching bony plates called trabeculae

-irregular connecting spaces between plates reduce bone's weight

-able to withstand compressive forces

-also composed of extracellular matrix + osteocytes

-doesn't aggregate around central canals

-canaliculi

Term

 

 

 

medullary cavity

Definition

-hollow chamber in the diaphysis

-continuous w/ spaces of spongy bone

-covered by endosteum

-filled with yellow marrow

Term

 

 

 

periosteum

Definition

-tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue

-helps form and repair bone tissue

-protects bone

-made of periosteal fibers

Term

 

 

 

endosteum

Definition

-thin membrane

-contains bone-forming cells

-lines medullary cavity

 

Term

 

 

 

yellow marrow

Definition

-specialized type of connective tissue

-stores fat

-found in medullary cavity

Term

 

 

 

 

central canal

Definition

-what ostecytes form around to make osteon

-orientation resists compressive forces

-contains nerve and blood vessels

-extend longitudinally through perforating canals

Term

 

 

 

2 kinds of bone formation

Definition

-intramembranous

-endochondral

Term

 

 

intramembranous bones

Definition

-layers of unspecialized conn. tissues appear at future bone sites

- blood vessels perforate tissue

-cells enlarge and differentiate into osteoblasts

-osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themselves

-surrounded osteoblasts become osteocytes in lacunae

-osteoblasts on inside of periosteum create compact bone

Term

 

 

 

endochondral bone formation

Definition

-developed from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bone structures

-as cartilage decomposes, periosteum forms and develops structure

-invading cells differentiate into osteoblasts

-as ossification continues, bone under periosteum becomes compact bone

Term

 

 

 

primary ossification center

Definition

-center of diaphysis in a long bone

-where tissue beings to replace hyaline cartilage

Term

 

 

 

secondary ossification centers

Definition

-in the epiphyses

-ossification occurs here after center of diaphysis

-epiphyseal plate separates primary and secondary ossification centers

Term

 

 

 

epiphyseal plate

Definition

-band of cartilage between primary and secondary ossification centers

-(between epiphyses and diaphysis)

-growth occurs along epiphyseal plates as this band of cartilage turns into bone

Term

 

 

 

 

osteoclasts

Definition

-large, multinucleated cells

-break down calcified matrix

-secrete an acid the dissolves inorganic component of the calcified matrix

-also use phagocytosis

 

Term

 

 

Factors influencing bone development, growth, and repair

Definition

-NUTRITION: vitamin A (osteoblast and -clast activity), vitamin C (collagen synthesis), vitamin D (for proper absorption of calcium)

-EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT: sun provides vitamin D, critical for calcium absorption

-PHYSICAL EXERCISE: tells your bones to get stronger, weight-bearing exercise

-HORMONE SECRETIONS: growth hormone from pituitary gland (stimulates division of cartilage cells at epiphyseal plates), thyroxine from thyroid at right time in certain amounts- stimulates ossification (can cause premature ossification), sex hormones promote bone tissue growth (estrogens-female sex hormones-are stronger-->girls reach max. earlier)

 

Term

 

 

 

Hormones & Bone Growth

Definition

HORMONE SECRETIONS:

-growth hormone from pituitary gland (stimulates division of cartilage cells at epiphyseal plates),  

-thyroxine from thyroid at right time in certain amounts- stimulates ossification (can cause premature ossification),

-sex hormones promote bone tissue growth (estrogens-female sex hormones-are stronger-->girls reach max. earlier)- androgens or estrogens

Term

 

 

 

skull

Definition
cranial and facial bones
Term

 

 

 

cranium

Definition
"brain case"
Term
scapula
Definition
shoulder blade
Term
clavicle
Definition
collarbone
Term

 

 

pectoral girdle

Definition
formed by scapula and clavicle
Term

 

 

 

upper limbs

Definition

-humerus

-radius

-ulna

-carpal

-metacarpals

-digital phalanges

Term

 

 

humerus

Definition
upper arm bone
Term

 

 

 

radius

Definition

-lower arm bone

-on thumb side

Term

 

 

 

 

ulna

Definition

-lower arm bone

-on pinky side

Term

 

 

 

carpals

Definition

-wrist bones

-8

Term

 

 

 

metacarpals

Definition

-hand bones

-there are 5

Term

 

 

 

phalanges

Definition

-finger bones

-14

Term

 

 

 

 

pelvic girdle

Definition
-2 coxae connect w/ bones of lower limbs, sacrum, coccyx
Term

 

 

 

coxae

Definition
hip bones
Term

 

 

 

pelvis

Definition
-formed by coxae, sacrum + coccyx
Term

 

 

 

lower limbs

Definition

-femur

-tibia

-fibula

-patella

-tarsals

-metatarsals

-phalanges

Term

 

 

 

femur

Definition
thigh bone
Term

 

 

 

tibia

Definition
shin bone
Term
fibula
Definition

-slender lower leg bone

-behind tibia

Term

 

 

 

patella

Definition
knee cap
Term
tarsals
Definition

-ankle bones

-7

Term

 

 

 

metatarsals

Definition
- 5 bones of instep
Term

 

 

 

 phalanges (not digital)

Definition
-14 toe bones
Term

 

 

 

sternum

Definition

-breastbone

-manubrium=top part

-xiphoid process= lower part

Term

 

 

 

ribs

Definition

-first 7 pairs: "true"

-next 5: "false"

-all connect with thoracic vertebrae

 

Term

 

 

 

 ilium

Definition

-prominence of hip

-flares outward

-margin of prominence=iliac crest

-largest and most superior portion of coxa

 

Term

 

 

 

 ischium

Definition

-lowest portion of the coxa

-points posteriorly and downwards

Term

 

 

 

pubis

Definition

-anterior portion of coxa

-2 pubic bones come together at midline to form joint called symphysis pubis

Term

 

 

 

joints

Definition

-articulaions

-functionl junctions between bones

Term

 

 

 

classification of joints

Definition

-fibrous joints: dense connective tissue holds them together, collagenous fibers

-cartilaginous joints: joints made of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

-synovial joints: comprise most joints of body, allow free movement, have articular cartilage, joint capsule, and a synovial membrane w/ synovial fluid

Term

 

 

 

kinds of fibrous joint

Definition

-syndesmosis

-suture

-gomphosis

Term

 

 

 

kinds of cartilaginous joint

Definition

-synchondrosis

-symphysis

Term

 

 

 

kinds of synovial joints

Definition

-ball-and-socket joint

-Condyloid joint

-gliding joint

-hinge joint

-pivot joint

-saddle joint

Term

 

 

 

syndesmosis

Definition

-interosseous membrane

-sheet of dense connective tissue

-is amphiarthrotic (slight movement)

-ex. between tibia and fibula

 

Term

 

 

 

Suture

Definition

-only between flat bones of skull

-sutural ligament

-unite by thin layer of dense connective tissue

-synarthrotic (immovable)

Term

 

 

 

gomphosis

Definition

-cone and socket

-cone-shaped bony process attached with thick collagenous fibers

-synarthrotic

-ex. tooth

Term

 

 

 

synchondrosis

Definition

-bands of hyaline cartilage

-many are temporary

-for the most part, synarthrotic

-ex. epiphyseal plate

Term

 

 

 

symphysis

Definition

-articular surfaces of bones covered w/ thin layer of hyaline cartilage

-hyaline attached to pad of fibrocartilage

-amphiarthrotic

-limited movement allowed

-ex. symphysis pubis in pelvis

Term

 

 

 

general structure of synovial joint

Definition

-articular ends of bones-->articular cartilage:

-resists wear, minimizes friction

-2 layer, tubular joint capsule:

-outside-dense connective tissue

-completely encloses other parts of joint

-inner=synovial membrane, loose conn.

-surrounds synovial cavity

-secretes viscous, synovial fluid:

-lubricates surfaces within joint

-ligaments reinforce joint capsule and help bind articular ends of bones, somewhat limit movement

Term

 

 

 

ball-and-socket joint

Definition

-synovial

-gives most range

-movement in all planes+rotation

-ex. shoulder

Term

 

 

 

condyloid joint

Definition

-synovial

-all movement except rotation possible

-ex. between metacarpals and phalanges

Term

 

 

 

gliding joints

Definition

-synovial

-back and forth motion and twisting

-ex. joints in carpals and tarsals

Term

 

 

 

hinge joint

Definition

-synovial

-like a hinge (pretty straightforward)

-movement in one plane

-ex. elbow

Term

 

 

 

pivot joint

Definition

-rotation around central axis

-ex. pivot joint in neck for rotation of head

 

Term

 

 

 

saddle joint

Definition

-between convex and concave regions

-variety of movement, mainly in 2 planes

-ex. between carpal(trapezium) and metacarpal of thumb

Term

 

 

 

threshold stimulus

Definition

- a certain strength of stimulation

-when reached, action potential is generated, resulting in an impulse that spreads throughout the muscle fiber

Term

 

 

 

 twitch

Definition

- the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse

-period of contraction followed by period of relaxation

Term

 

 

 

latent period

Definition
-brief delay between time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction
Term

 

 

 

summation

Definition
-increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when twitches occur before the previous twitch relaxes
Term

 

 

 

tetanic contraction (tetanus)

Definition
-when a sustained contraction lacks even partial relaxation
Term

 

 

 

motor unit summation (recruitment)

Definition
-increase in number of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases
Term

 

 

 

isometric

Definition
equal length
Term

 

 

 

isotonic

Definition
equal in force
Term

 

 

 

pectoralis major

Definition

-a large muscle located in the pectoral region (chest)

-connected to clavicle and sternum

Term

 

 

 

latissimus dorsi

Definition

-wide, triangular muscle that curves upward from the lower back, around the side, and to the armpit

Term

 

 

 

serratus anterior

Definition

-broad, curved muscle located on side of chest

-looks serrated on side

 

Term

 

 

 

levator scapulae

Definition
-straplike muscle that runs vertically through the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula
Term

 

 

 

trapezius

Definition

-large, triangular muscle

-extends horizontally from base of skull to shoulder

Term

 

 

 

 

deltoid

Definition
-shoulder muscle
Term

 

 

 

gluteus maximus

Definition

-largest muscle in body

-covers large portion of each buttock

Term

 

 

 

sartorius

Definition

-elongated, straplike muscle

-passes obliquely across front of thigh

-descends over medial side of the knee

Term

 

 

 

biceps femoris

Definition

-passes along back of thigh on lateral side

-NOT ON ARM

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