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Biology of Invertebrates
Preliminary Exam
42
Biology
Undergraduate 4
01/29/2015

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Cards

Term
Ways to Classify Organism
Definition
  1. Cell #, Emryology, and symmetry
  2. Developmental Pattern 
  3. Habitat 
  4. Form 
  5. Function 
  6. Evolutionary Relationship
Term
Metazoans
Definition
True animals which are multicellular, generally diploid organisms that each develop from a blastula.
Term
Invertebrates that are not Metazoans
Definition
Either unicelluar or acellular and do not develop from anything resembling a metazoan embryo.
Term
Classification by Body Symmetry
Definition

Bilateria - only one plane of symmetry 

  •      Cephalization 

Radiata - Infinate number of planes that pass through its center 

Term
Developmental Patterns used in Classification
Definition

No layers 

Diploblastic 

Triploblastic 

  • Acoelomates 
  • Pseudocoelomates 
  • Coelomates 
    • Protostome 
    • Deuterostome
Term
The Coelomates
Definition

Majority of invertebrates 

Triploblastic animals with an internal, fluid-filled body cavity lying between the gut and outer body wall that comes from mesoderm. 

Term
Protostomes
Definition
  1. Cell Cleavage - Spiral Clevage 
  2. Early Cell Fate - Determinate 
  3. Origin of Mouth - Blastopore=mouth => mouth first
  4. Mesoderm origin - Single cell located at the edge of blastopore. 
  5. Formation of Coelom - schizocoely - gradual enlargement of a split in the mesoderm 
  6. Cilia per cell - multiciliate 
Term
Deuterostomes
Definition
  1. Cell cleavage - Radial 
  2. Early Cell Fate - indeterminate 
  3. Origin of Mouth - Secondarily, not from blastopore 
  4. Origin of mesoderm - From archenteron (cavity which becomes gut). 
  5. Coelom formation - entercoely - envagination of the archenteron into the blastocoel. 
  6. Cilia - monociliate 
Term
Habitat Classification
Definition
  1. Pelagic - water column 
  2. Benthic - surfaces
    • Epifauna - On surfaces 
    • Infauna - within surfaces 
    • Meiofauna - Moving between sediments 
Term
Form Classifications
Definition
  1. Growth 
    • Unitary - increased size of whole 
    • Modular - addition of parts 
  2. Skeletal support 
    • Endoskeletal 
    • Exoskeletal 
    • Hydrostatic 
Term
Functional Classifications
Definition
  1. Feeding 
    • Deposit feeding 
    • Suspension feeding 
  2. Reproduction 
  • Broadcast spawning
  • Internal fertilization
    • Copulation (Barnacle has largest penis)
    • Can be sessile or mobile

3. Spermcast spawning ( suspension feeders)

Etc (locomotion, defense/protection, gas exchange, circulation, excretion, nervous control and sensory systems)

Term
Classificaiton by Evolutionary Relationship
Definition

Should reflect degree of relatedness (phylogeny) 

Kingdom 

Phylum 

Class

Order

Family 

Genus

species 

Term
2 reasons classification does not always reflect degree of relatedness
Definition
  1. Polyphyly - Name a group because they appear similar but infact they are on different parts of family tree 
  2. Paraphyly: Because of this, members are closely related but some are left out. 

Vs. Mophyly: A Clade  

Term
What is wrong with the name Invertebrates?
Definition
  1. Naming them for something they do not have. 
  2. 1,200,000 (96%) "invertebrate" species vs 45,000 (3%) Vertebrate species
  3. Given the name invertebrates - they are paraphyletic group and therfore not a clade!
Term
Cladistics
Definition
A method for inferring the true pattern of evolutionary phylognies.
Term
Clade
Definition

Forms a monophyletic group. A group that includes the most recent common ancestor of all its members and all descendants of that ancestor. 

Term
Homologous characters, homology
Definition
Characters that have the same evolutionary origin from a common ancestor. Homology is the basis for all decisions about evolutionary relationships among species.
Term
Homoplasy
Definition
The independent acquisition of similar characteristics from different ancestors through convergence or parallelism. Creats the illusion of homology.
Term
Paraphyletic grouping
Definition
A group of species sharing an immediate ancestor but not including all descendants of that ancestor.
Term
Polyphyletic grouping
Definition

An incorrect grouping containing species that descended from two or more different ancestors.

Do not share same immediate ancestor. 

May resemble each other due to homoplasy. 

Term
Number of Animal Phyla
Definition

Approximately 32 phyla. 

Arthropoda - ~77% of all animals 

~8% mollusca 

~6% nematoda 

Term
Steps in Evolution
Definition

Bilateria 

"Coelomates"

"Deuterostomes" and "Protostomes" (Proto splits into)

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa 

Term
Kingdom Protozoa
Definition

"first animals" or "animal like" protists 

Unicellular eukaryotes that blur the distiction between animals and plants 

 

35,000 Species 

All multicellular live must have evolved from protists 

 

All are nonphotosynthetic in the primitive condition 

Term
What did animals inherit from protists?
Definition
  1. Nutrition: heterotrophy: food vacuoles = Introcellular digestion. 
  2. Volume regulation: contractile vacuoles
  3. Movement: Undulipodiea = Cilia (conservative microtubles in 9+2 arrangement) and flagella 
Term
Phylum Porifera Characteristics
Definition

Sponges - Cellular grade (no tissue) 

Mostly no symmetry = phenoplasticity 

Microfibrils on choanocyte collar 

Spongin Fibers: Polymerized collagen 

Term
Pinacocyte
Definition

Cells around the outside of porifera used for protection. 

Term
Choanocyte
Definition

Cells used for majority or Porifera functions 

Movement, feeding, gametes, etc 

Term
Porocytes
Definition

Contractile cells opening in Porifera.

Term
Myocytes
Definition

Type of contractile cells found in sponges without porocytes. 

Term
Archaeocytes
Definition

Cells of sponges that differentiate into all other cell types

Also forms "skeleton" to be called sclerocytes 

Term
Mesophyl
Definition
Collagen between the cells of sponges that holds everything in place (although the entire sponge is fluid)
Term
Spicules
Definition

Made of inorganic CaCO3 or SiO2 surrounding the sclerocyte which is the organic protien core. 

Variety of shapes and sizes distinctive for taxa 

Makes up Spongin exoskeleton 

Term
Sponge Grades of Construction
Definition
  1. Asconoid: simplist (Possibly earliest grade) 
  2. Syconoid: Choanocyte channels to increase surface area 
  3. Leuconoid: Thick wall, Most complex, Most sponges, High internal Surface Area 
Term
Surface area to volume problem
Definition

SA must supply volume 

For the same shape, SA/V is always l-1 

Term
How do sponges play with flow?
Definition

Water enters trough Ostium and exists osculum 

Amebacytes catch inorganic particles and transport them 

water slows inside chambers allowing for more particle caprute. As the cross sectional area increases, the flow velocity decreases 


Shoots out water so quickly that it doesn't filter it again. 

The faster the flow the lower the pressure : velocity = 1/pressure 
Current at osculum is faster, therefore pressure is lower. At bottom however, flow velocity is slower and pressure is higher so the water moves naturally for high pressure to low pressure. 


Term
How do sponges play with form?
Definition

Penotypic plasticity 

Grow taller in low flow areas to maximize pressure gradient. and vis versa 

 

Cells can move 1mm/min (compared to our .001mm/min)

 

Whole sponge can move up to 4mm/day 

Term
How and why do sponges play with chemistry?
Definition

Protection!! because they are sessile 

Some can grow on carapace of crab 

Some grow silica spicules 

Boring sponges use bioerosion to bore into CaCO2 substances. 

Term
Sponges play with light?
Definition

Symbiosis

Cyanobacterium bymbiont inside sponge tissue . Some have glass spicules to transport light to cyanobacterium. 

Term
Hydrostatic Skeleton Requirements
Definition
  1. Cavity housing an incompressible fluid that transmits pressure changes in all directions uniformly 
  2. Cavity must be surrounded by a flexible membrane. 
  3. Fluid volume within cavity must remain constant 
  4. The animal be capable of forming temporary attachments to the substrate, if progressive locomotion is to occur on or within a substrate. 
  5. A deformable but elastic covering or the presence of at least two sets of muscles that can act against each other. 
Term
Ph. Cnidarian Defining Characteristics
Definition
  1. Secretion of complex intracellular organelles called cnidae (nemaocysts)
  2. Planula larvae in the life cycle. 
Term
Two key evolutionary events after sponges
Definition
  1. Evolution of epithelium - allows movement. 
    • Sheets of cells with basal side (interacting with secreted basal lamina) and Apical side (with microvili to interact with fluids from the lumen. 
  2. Body Axis - with oral and aboral side 
Term
Cnidarian Body Plans
Definition

diploblastic construction held together by mesoglea (thin collogen layer) 

Medusa - Produces Egg and sperm to create planula larva which becomes 

Polyp - an upside down medusa - asexulal reproduces into multiple clones in medusa form 

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