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Biology of Aging Final
This be how I get my learn on ya'll!
50
Biology
Undergraduate 3
12/06/2007

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Term
Skeleton System
Definition
Welcome to the Bone Yard!!
Term
Main Functions of the Skelatal System:
Definition
-Provide body support
-Attachment for muscles (movement)
-Protection of internal structures (brain, spinal cord, chest & abdominal organs)
-Communication (Ossicles in ear)
-Mineral Storage (calcium and phosphorus
- Blood Cell Production
Term
Three types of Bone cells:
Definition
1)Osteocytes
2)Osteoblasts
3)Osteoclasts
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
former osteoblasts that trapped themselves
They stay dormant till a major event (fracture)
Found in the chambers of bone
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
-form bone from calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in blood
-Built up around a protein core allowing for flexibility
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
-Dissolve bone to maintain blood calcium levels and restructure
Term
How is this "give and take" process balanced?
Definition
-It be balanced by the influence of hormones(estrogen, IGF-1, PTH)
-nutrients
-weight stress
Term
How is the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulated?
Definition
-Regulated by levels of Ca availability
-Signaling molecules in cells (when they need they fix they hollar!)
Term
What is the focus of most new therapies for bone loss?
Definition
-the signaling molecules in cells that affect the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Term
Bone and calcium metabolism
Definition
??????
Term
Two types of Bone tissue
Definition
1. Spongy portion
2.compact (dense) casing
Term
what is the name of the spongy portion?
Definition
Trabecular
Term
Name of Compact casing?
Definition
Cortical Bone
Term
Shaft of long bones are tubes filled with ________
Definition
Marrow!!
Term
What is this...Marrow?
Definition
Marrow is the tissue that produces our red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets. Platelets are a blood cell too!
Term
Two types of Marrow
Definition
1. Red Marrow- Produces Blood cells (only found in some places)
2. Yellow Marrow-stores fat molecules
- can be converted into red marrow when there is a need. after need is fulfilled it is then turn into yellow again. YAY!
Term
What are some other interesting tidbits about marrow?
Definition
-Storehouse for Ca, P, and Mg (confusing since this isn't bone)
-built around collagen and cores and blood vessels
Term
As we age, Osteoblasts tend to _____ there bone output leading to a net _______ in bone mass>
Definition
Slow, decrease
Term
Decreasing bone mass begins in _____ ______, speeds up with loss of ________.
Definition
early adulthood, hormones
Term
Which bone tissue is affected first from age-related bone mass loss?
Definition
Trabecular bone!!
What is trabecular bone again?
....
....
....
....
....
....
IT'S THE SPONGY PORTION!!!
Term
As we age, columns in ________ _____ become poorly ________, do not function as well together
Definition
Cortical Bone, Integrated
Term
What is Osteoporosis?
Definition
Loss of bone and its density.
->24 million affected and 80% females
Term
Osteoporosis affects over ___% of females over _____
Definition
60%, 60
Term
Two types of Osteoporosis.
Definition
1) Type I- Post menopausal-affects trabecular>cortical
2)Type II-Senile
-affects cortical>trabecular
Term
What are the two bones are most suspect to the effects of osteoporosis?
Definition
Hip fractures and Vertebral crush
Term
Why is the hip and vertebrae at the most risk?
Definition
The upper part of femur and vertebrae are mostly trabecular; therefore, these bones lose mass earlier and faster.
Term
________ promotes bone production and slows its loss
Definition
Estrogen

I'm not a retarded fish frog...I'm a woman!
Term
This is one of the treatments for osteoporosis?
Definition
postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
Term
___ also plays a big role in bone production and degradation
Definition
diet
Term
Calcium uptake depends on _________ __
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
Vitamin D is needed to make _______ ____________ ________ for the intestine
Definition
Calcium binding protein
Term
Vitamin D is made from ______ via ____ ____
Definition
cholesterol, sun rays
Term
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis?
Definition
-Genetic Link to bone strength
-excess protein, sodium, caffeine, alcohol, smoking or excess fiber in diet (increases calcium excretion), sodas?
Term
What can you do to prevent/treat Osteoporosis?
Definition
-Weight bearing exercises
-Hip replacement
-Biphosphonates
-Got Milk?
Term
How do weight-bearing exercises help stop bone loss?
Definition
they slow calcium loss and can increase bone production
Term
Why is Hip replacement so important?
Definition
Need to get back on feet quickly
helps avoid falls
Term
What are Biphosphonates?
Definition
Drugs that help build bones.
Term
Joints
Definition
allow movement
Term
Effects of aging on Joints
Definition
-collagen becomes cross-linked (less flexible)
-collagen becomes shorter(range of motion)
-less blood gets to joints, includes vertebrae
-vertebral disk degeneration or herniation
-arthritis
Term
What is arthritis?
Definition
inflammation of the joint
The most common disease in the elderly
Term
What is Osteoarthritis?
Definition
Degenerative Joint disease- chronic/progressive diseas
-caused by injury, joint overuse and obesity
-cartilage can't cushion so bones begin to degrade
Term
Who does osteoarthritis affect and where?
Definition
affects 75% of over 75-more in women
-Fingers, vertebra, hips and knees
-can also cause bone spurs or swellings
Term
Treatments for osteoarthritis?
Definition
-weight loss and low-impact exercises
+anti-inflammatory drugs (cox-2 inhibitors, NSAID's and Steroids)
+Joint replacement
Term
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Definition
-inflammatory condition of appendages or back that can occur at any age,
-women 2x more than men
-affects wrists, hands, ankles, and feet
-cause unknown (possibly viral)
-autoimmune
Term
How can autoimmune cause Rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
Joints come under attack by immune system and synovial fluid and cartilage are degraded,
-FREE RADICALS
Term
What is a Pannus?
Definition
-hanging flap of tissue
-In Rheumatoid Arthritis, it forms in joint and is scar tissue.
-causes calcification and fusion
-leads to pain in joints and loss in mobility
Term
What is a major cause of loss of mobility in joints?
Definition
Pain. It makes it hurt to move joints thus you don't move them and you lose them.
Term
Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
+Anti-inflammatory drugs
+Chondroitin??
+exercise
+New therapy attacks B-cells to break autoimmune cycle
+anti-inflammatory corticosteroids used for serous cases.
Term
Role of teeth
Definition
Make food small so that digestive enzymes can work
Term
3 uses for Saliva
Definition
-lubricates the upper GI tract letting food flow
-contains enzymes that begin to carbohydrate break down to simple sugars
-contains Bactericidal enzymes
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