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Biology Notecards
Molecular cellular biology
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define the term Biology.
Definition
The study of life
Term
Describe the characteristics that distinguish living organisms from nonliving matter.
Definition

 

Characteristics of life:  Reproducing, growth/repair/development, respond to stimuli, organized(cells), metabolism(requires energy), adapt/evolve, homeostasis

 

Term
Understand and define the hierarchical categorization of living matter from atoms to the biosphere.
Definition

Atoms: smallest unit of matter that retains all properties of an element

Molecules: Chemical structure made of two or more atoms

Organelles: small function parts or units of cells

Cell: smallest unit capable of life, determines structure/function of life

Tissue: group of similar cells that work together

Organ: two or more tissues that carry out a particular function in the body

Organ system: team of organs that cooperate to complete a specific function

Organism: single member of a given species

Population: all members of the species within a given area

Community: al populations in a given area

Ecosystem: all communities within an area along with all non-living components they interact w/

Biosphere: all environments on earth inhabited by life

Term
Compare and Contrast the three domains of life and describe how each may have acquired traits of the other during early evolution.
Definition

Bacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular

Archea: prokaryotic, unicellular

Eukarya: eukaryotic, uni-multicellular: four kingdoms; protista, fungi plante, aminalia

Term
Understand the general taxonomy and classification of life and recognize the proper use of binomial nomenclature.
Definition

Life-Human                                                                     Binomial Nomenclature:

Domain-eukarya                                                             Genus species

kingdom-amimalia                                                          Homo sapies=human

Phylum-chordata                                                             mus musculus= mouse

class- mamalia

order-primates

family-homoindae

genus-homo

sepecies- sapiens

 

 

 

 

 

Term
Define and understand the concepts of genomes and proteomes.
Definition

Genome: the complete genetic composition of an organism every cell has information about proteome

Proteome: entire composition of proteins made in a cell or organism.

Term
Describe the types of reasoning used by biologists
Definition

Discovery based science- observational/descriptive does not need a hypothesis

Hypothesis-driven: needs pre-conceived hypothesis

Term
Compare and contrast qulitative versus quantitative data.
Definition

Qualitative: factual

Quantitative: numbers

Term
Identify and apply the steps of the scientific method.
Definition

Make an observation about a natural phenomena ( living organism)

Form a hypothesis: testable, predictions, falsifiable

Design and conduct experiments

Collect and analyze data(statistical analysis)

Accept/reject hypothesis and draw conclusion

Contribute results to/with othersà presentation, peer review publication

Term
Demonstrate how to formulate a hypothesis.
Definition
Term
Give an example of knowledge gained through a combination of discovery-based science and hypothesis (use book and in-class examples)
Definition

The study of cystic fibrosis is an example of both discovery based science and hypothesis testing have provided info on nature of the disease

Term
Use the term Data properly in a sentence.
Definition

Data are, datum is

The datum is correct

Term
Recognize that the scientific method can never prove a hypothesis
Definition
Term
List or identify the most common elements of life.
Definition

1. Carbon

2. Nitrogen

3. Oxygen

4. Hydrogen

 

 

They make up 96% of mass of living things

Term
Understand subatomic structure, including how electron density affects an atom's ability to interact with another atom.
Definition
Term
Understand, recognize, and/or explain the concept of atomic valence versus valence electrons.
Definition

Atomic valence: home many electrons are missing from to complete the octet rule also tells us how many chemical bonds a chemical bond can form

Valence electrons: found in the outermost shell (group #)

Term
Compare and contrast interactions between atoms known as covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.
Definition
Term
Explain the term electronegativity and its role in the formation of polar and non-polar covalent bonds.
Definition
Term
Relate how the structure of water leads to hydrogen bonds.
Definition
Term
Be able to Draw Label two water water molecules hydrogen bonding to one another.
Definition
Term
Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.
Definition
Term
Recognize and explain the emergent properties of water and their relevance to living systems.
Definition
Term
Compare and contrast the terms hydrophobic versus hydrophilic.
Definition
Term
Describe the properties of water that make it an ideal solvent for biological reactions.
Definition
Term
Understand the dissociation products of water and how they relate to pH.
Definition
Term
Explain the nature of acids and bases, and their relationship to the pH scale.
Definition
Term
Understand and Explain the importance of biological buffers in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms.
Definition
Term
Define and explain the term organic molecule as it is used in chemistry.
Definition
Term
Explain the importance of carbon's atomic valence and molecular shape/structure to form diverse organic molecules.
Definition
Term

Be able to list, identify, and/or explain the mechanisms that allow for the vast amount of diversity and variation of organic molecules; they include:

1. arrangement of atoms around a carbon skeleton.

2. The ability to form isomers.

3. The addition of functional groups.

Definition
Term
Be able to identify, recognize, label/name, and/or describe the major functional groups used in organic molecules.
Definition
Term
Define the terms monomer and polymer.
Definition
Term

Describe how monomers of each class of biological molecule are brought together to form the macromolecule (polymer).

 

Definition
Term
Appreciate the variety and chemical characteristic of common functional groups of organic compunds.
Definition
Term
Identify, List, and Recognize, and/or explain the major structure and function of eachy of the four major classes of biological molecules of life.
Definition
Term
Carbohydrates:name/identify the different forms; relate the structure of polysaccharides to their function.
Definition
Term
Lipids: Understand the structure of triglycerides; Explain how fats function as energy-storage molecules; apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of membranes.
Definition
Term
Proteins: Describe the possible levels of protein structure;understand the relationship between amino acid sequence and their 3-D structure; give examples of different proteins and the general types of functions they carry out in a cell.
Definition
Term
Nucleic Acids: Describe the structure of nucleotides; compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA; explain the functions of DNA and RNA.
Definition
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