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Biology Lab Practical Exam 1
N/A
94
Business
Undergraduate 1
09/24/2012

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Term
Microscopy
Definition
Allows you to see microscopic beings that aren't visible to the naked eye
Term
Magnification
Definition
Uses lenses to make objects appear larger
Term
Resolution
Definition
Allows you to see fine details and distinguish two objects that are close together as being two separate objects rather than just one
Term
Contrast
Definition
Objects absorption or transmittance of light where some appear darker and others appear lighter
Term
Staining
Definition
A technique used to enhance the contrast
Term
Stereomicroscope Viewing Range
Definition
a few hundreths of a millimeter to about one centimeter
Term
Interpupillary Distance
Definition
distance between your eyes
Term
Light Switches
Definition
left is upper light and right is lower light
Term
Upper Light
Definition
used to view opaque (non-transparent) objects
Term
Lower Light
Definition
Used to view transparent objects
Term
Eyepieces
Definition
the lenses you look through to view an object
Term
Focusing Knob
Definition
used to sharpen an image
Term
Magnification Knob
Definition
used to increase or decrease the apparent size of the object in view
Term
Diopter Ring
Definition
on left eyepiece of Nikon Microscope that allows you to precisely adjust the sharpness of the image
Term
Nosepiece
Definition
has four objective lenses and can be rotated to change objectives
Term
Objective Lenses
Definition
each has a different magnification (shortest=4x, 10x, 40x, longest=100x
Term
Caliper
Definition
holds a slide in place
Term
Total Magnification
Definition
product of the eyepiece and objective lens magnifications
Term
Eyepiece
Definition
always 10x, so total magnification would be 10x x 4x=40x (example)
Term
Mechanical Stage
Definition
holds caliper
Term
Stage Controls
Definition
lower knob moves the slide to the right and the upper knob moves the slide towards or away from you
Term
Focusing Knob
Definition
two of them that are used to sharpen the image
Term
Coarse Focus Knob
Definition
moves stage up or down quite a distance to permit focusing; only used with the 4x and 10x objectives; if used with 40x or 100x, it could hit the slide and ruin it
Term
Fine Focus Knob
Definition
used for higher magnification objects that moves the stage vertically only a small distance; used with any of the objectives
Term
Condenser
Definition
contains the iris diaphragm
Term
Iris Diaphragm
Definition
can be opened to permit more light to illuminate the slide
Term
Bacillus Size
Definition
.01 millimeters
Term
Amoeba and Human Cheek Cell
Definition
.1 millimeters
Term
Chick Embryo Size
Definition
4.0-4.5 millimeters
Term
Leica (Stereomicroscope)
Definition
magnifies up to 30x; used to view very large objects that are visible with the naked eye, just gives them more detail; allows you to see specimen in 3-D
Term
Leica Parts
Definition
eyepieces, magnification control knob, focusing knob, base, light switches
Term
Nikon (Compound) Microscope
Definition
magnifies up to 1,000x; allows you to view very small objects not visible with the naked eye; object has to be so thin that light will pass through it so it is not 3-D
Term
Nikon Parts
Definition
eyepieces, caliper, mechanical stage, nosepiece, four objectives, coarse focus ring, fine focus ring, stage controls, condenser with iris diaphragm, power switch, light source
Term
Nikon Size Range
Definition
one tenth millimeter to a couple millimeters
Term
Electrophoresis
Definition
one of the major ways to separate and identify proteins
Term
Electrophoretic Separation
Definition
depends in great part on the net electrical charge of proteins
Term
If a protein has a negative charge
Definition
it migrates to the positive pole of the field
Term
 If a protein has a positive net charge
Definition
it will migrate toward the negative pole
Term
If the protein has no net charge
Definition
will not move toward either pole
Term
Carboxyl Group Charge
Definition
 negative charge
Term
Amino Group Charge
Definition
positive charge
Term

5 Amino Acids with ionic R groups

(ionic=charged)

Definition
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, and histidine
Term
Isoelectric Point
Definition
at some pH where the particular protein has no net charge
Term
Independent Variable in Electrophoresis Lab
Definition
property you change or manipulate in a systematic way; example: the pH of the buffer
Term
Dependent Variable in the Electrophoresis Lab
Definition
outcome affected by the independent variable; example:  electrical charge on a protein
Term
Graph of pH and net charge on protein
Definition
inverse relationship; the higher the pH, the lower the charge or more negative (downward slope to the right)
Term
Property that influences protein migration
Definition
charge on the protein; ionic R group is responsible for this property
Term
At a lower pH...
Definition
the charge is higher because more hydrogen ions stick (higher h+ concentration)
Term
At a higher pH...
Definition
a lower charge because less hydrogen ions stick (less H+ concentration)
Term
Permeable
Definition
ability of a molecule to pass through a cell's membrane
Term
Impermeable
Definition
if a molecule cannot pass through a cell's membrane
Term
Dependent Variable in Cell Membrane Permeability Lab
Definition
permeability
Term
Independent Variable in Cell Membrane Permeability Lab
Definition
size, charge, lipid solubility
Term
H50 (Hemolysis 50)
Definition
time required to reach one half the maximum value indicated by the plot
Term
Turbid
Definition
mixture is cloudy
Term
Spectrometer Instructions on how to calibrate
Definition

1. With no blank in the holder turn the left knob to 0% transmittance, 100% absorption

2. Put the blank in and turn the right knob to 100% transmittance, 0% absorption

Term
Transmittance
Definition
right knob; amount of light that passes through; upper reading on the scale
Term
Absorption
Definition
left knob; amount of light absorbed; lower reading on the scale
Term
Charged Ions
Definition
not permeable (no lysis); examples-sodium and chloride ions
Term
Size
Definition
as increases, it is less permeable (inverse relationship); examples-urea, glycerol, and glucose
Term
Lipid Solubility
Definition
as increases, becomes more permeable (increasing slope, direct relationship); more CH, nonpolar bonds=more permeable; lipid solubility "trumps" size
Term
How to find H50
Definition

(time it takes to lysis, bigger #)-(starting amount, smaller number)

Term
As H50 increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
As size of a molecule increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
As solute concentration increases...
Definition
water potential decreases
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
when the cells burst from having too much diffused into them (when the solution becomes clear)
Term
As molecular weight increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
As lipid solubility increases
Definition
permeability increases as well
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
archaea and bacteria
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
protists and fungi
Term
Archaea
Definition
live in strange and hostile habitats, such as very salty, hot, or acidic environments
Term
Bacteria
Definition
most familiar prokaryote, distinguished by three shapes; peptidoglycan cell walls
Term
Spirilla
Definition
helical
Term
Cocci
Definition
spherical
Term
Bacilli
Definition
rod-shaped
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
organisms that feed on other things; aerobic=requires oxygen, anaerobic=does not require oxygen
Term
Autotrophic
Definition
self-feeders; ones that acquire energy from light=photosynthetic autotrophs
Term
Protists
Definition
bounded by nuclear membrane; diplomonads, rhizaria and amoebozoans, euglenids and kinetoplastids, alveolata,stramenopila, rhodophytes, slime molds
Term
Diplomonads
Definition

lack mitochondria, have 2 nuclei, move by flagella, heterotrophic (looks like a face)

GIARDIA

Term
Rhizaria
Definition

move by pseudopodia that project out to catch food, heterotrophic

RADIOLARA

Term
Amoebozoans
Definition

move by pseudopodia that engulf food particles from environment, heterotrophic

AMOEBA PROTEUS

Term
Euglenids
Definition

move by flagella, photosynthetic

EUGLENA

Term
Kinetoplastids
Definition

move by flagella, heterotrophic, one large mitochondria that contains kinetoplast

TRYPANOSOMA (causes sleeping sickness)

Term
Ciliates
Definition

unicellular, move by cilia, heterotrophic

PARAMECIUM

Term
Apicomplexa
Definition

unicellular, heterotrophic

PLASMODIUM

Term
Dinoflagellates
Definition

unicellular, autotrophic (chlorophyll a and c), moves by flagella

PERIDINIUM

Term
Diatoms
Definition

move by two flagella, unicellular, autotrophic (chlorophyll a and c)

DIATOMS

Term
Brown Algae
Definition

autotrophic (chlorophyll a and c), move by flagella, multicellular

SARGASSUM and FUCUS

Term
Rhodophytes
Definition

autotrophs (chlorophyll a and d), red algae

BATRACHOSPERMUM

Term
Slime Molds
Definition

heterotrophic (take in food by phagocytosis) , acellular

PHYSARUM

Term
Fungi
Definition
heterotrophic, cell walls made of chitin; examples-zygomycota, basidiomycota, ascomycota
Term
Zygomycota
Definition

reproduce sexually by having the hyphae adjoining individuals extending branches that make contact, coalesce, and form gametes that fuse togther to form a zygote that then can develop into an individual, heterotrophic

RHIZOPUS

Term
Basidiomycota
Definition

heterotrophic, reproduce sexually by basidia; mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and puffballs

CLUB MUSHROOMS

Term
Ascomycota
Definition

heterotrophic, reproduce sexually by asci structures that contain spores

SACCHAROMYCES (YEAST)

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