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biology for non-majors
test 2
55
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2007

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Term
why did mendel study garden peas?
Definition
-many varieties
-small and easy to grow
-short generation time and have lots of offspring
-both male and female parts are in the petals
Term
What is a true breeding variety
Definition
A true breeder will only have offspring of its own kind. It is either TT or tt. contains nop other variety of the trait.
Term
what is a monohybrid cross? and what is a dihybrid cross?
Definition
dihybrid has both alles of the traits while monohybrid only has 1
Term
what is a test cross?
Definition
a test cross is a test to find out the genetic composition of a thing. They do this by crossing the questionable organism with a ressive thing.
Term
Law of Segragation
Definition
2 alles of a trait will split during gamet formation so that 1/2 will have one and 1/2 2will have the other.
Term
law of independent assortment
Definition
genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another
Term
pleiotrophic
Definition
one gene affects many different types of phenotypes
Term
polygenic
Definition
continuous variation. many genes work together to create one phenotype
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
When there is an intermediate trait
Term
codominance
Definition
both genes show up at the same time
Term
epistasis
Definition
one gene effects how the other will show up.
Term
Chromosal theory of inheritance
Definition
medalian factors are found on chromosomes
Term
what is sex linkage?
Definition
is when a gene is located the 26th sex chromosome
Term
what is linkage?
Definition
when genes are located closer to one another they are more likely to be passed along with one another
Term
What is Anueploidy and what causes them?
Definition
abnormal chromosome count becayse the chromosomes failed to seperate properly during gamet formation or miosis
Term
What is down syndrome and what causes it?
Definition
Down syndrome is a development disorder and occurs when there is an extra (or trisomic) copy of chromosome 21
Term
What is a gene?
Definition
The basic unit of heredity. its a sequence of DNA nucleotids on a chromosome that encods a polypetide or RNA molecule and so determines the nature of an individual inhereted trait
Term
Avery Experiment
Definition
told us that it was the DNA not protin and was with the little dead mice who died when a live harmless bacteria was mixed with a dead harmful bacteria
Term
Hershey experiment
Definition
also told us that it was the DNA not protein and had to do with highlighting protien on a virus and watching it infect something
Term
what is DNA made of?
Definition
long chains of nucleotide subunits liked together in a chain
Term
what is a nucleatide?
Definition
3 part subunit made of sugar, phosphate and organic base
Term
what is a nitrogenous base
Definition
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
Term
what is purine?
Definition
These are the large bases A and G
Term
what is pyrimidine?
Definition
the small bases C and T
Term
who was Rosalind Franklin
Definition
bombarded DNA with xrays and then took pictures of this and this told us that DNA was in a helix shape
Term
Helicase
Definition
it unwinds the DNA
Term
Lisage
Definition
joins the ends of newly sythesized segments of DNA after the primers have been removed
Term
DNA Polymerse
Definition
an enzyme that runs along the DNA strand reading it and adding the complementary nucleatides. This created leading and lagging strands.
Term
What is Central Dogma?
Definition
DNA-transcription-->mRNA--translation--->protiens

the genetic information path
Term
What is transcription?
Definition
RNA polymerse binds to the PROMOTER SITE and then adds complementary mnucleatids to create mRNA
Term
What is translation?
Definition
The mRNA is then taken to the cytoplasm and run through the ribosome the tRNA then brings the amino acids and connects to the codons with the complementary anticodons. This creates a polypeptid chain with then becomes a protien
Term
RNA polymerse
Definition
it connects to the promoter site of a DNA to create mRNA
Term
What are tRNAs?
Definition
they bring the amino acids to the ribosomes and MRNA
Term
What is the genetic code?
Definition
it is the rules that govern translation
Term
What are codons?
Definition
they are the 3 letter breakdown of the nucliatides
Term
How is eukaryotic mRNA processed?
Definition
by cutting the non coding introns out and then by splicing the coding exons together
Term
What is alternative splicing?
Definition
All the different ways exons can be spliced together
Term
recombination
Definition
mutation where genes are in a different place than they were before
Term
mutation
Definition
change in the genetic information
Term
insertion
Definition
an extra nucleatide is inserted
Term
deletion
Definition
when one nucleatide is missing but the space is still there for it
Term
frame shift mutation
Definition
a nucleatide complement is forgotten and it shifts everything over 1 space
Term
substitution
Definition
when one letter is swiched for another
Term
steps involved with sequencing DNA
Definition
Amplify DNA
mix w/ primer
mix with 4 different chain terminating chemical tags
heat
electropheresis
computer analysis
Term
what DNA compositions code for protien
Definition
single-copy genes (includes silent copies)
segmental duplication
multigene familes
tandem clusters (rRNA)
Term
what DNA compositions do NOT code for protien?
Definition
Structural DNA
transposable elements
introns
replicated/duplicated sequences
Term
What are the steps of the genic engineering experiment
Definition
1) clevage DNA at specific points
2) produce recombinant DNA by cutting circular PLASMID and inserting DNA
3)clone by allowing cells to reproduce
4)screen for wanted plasmids
Term
What are magic bullets
Definition
The donated protiens such as insulin for diabetics
Term
How are piggy-back vaccines made?
Definition
(subunit vaccines) DNA is taken from the wanted virus and added to a harmless plasmid and injected into the body. the bodies immune system then creates antibodies
Term
what are the ways genetic engineering have helped agriculture
Definition
1) pesticides
2) hericides
3) healthier food
Term
what are the risks with genetic egineering
Definition
super bugs
may wipe out natural plants
are they safe for us and the enviroment
and are we playing god
Term
What is reproductive cloning?
Definition
when you take the nucleous of one cell and put it in the egg cell and jump start it to begin to divide
Term
why is genomic imprinting so important?
Definition
during this reprogramming there certain chemicals are added to decide how genes are expressed. There is not enought time for this in cloning
Term
What are embryonic stem cells?
Definition
these are found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and are capable of turning into anything (they are totipotent)
Term
How can embyronic stem cells be used?
Definition
we could close people to create an embryo and then take those stem cells and they can be added with a persons own cells to grow good cells and create lost tissue of even help damaged tissue repair itself
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