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Biology Final
Biology! Yay!
249
Biology
11th Grade
11/08/2006

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Term
Phenotype
Definition
Expression of the Genotype.
Term
Genotype
Definition
DNA Strands that control proteins and determnie traits.
Term
Expression
Definition
Genes are expressed by proteins they create
Term
Character
Definition
Any outward expression such as eye color.
Term
Trait
Definition
Any specific character such as blue eyes.
Term
Gene
Definition
A sequence of DNA that leads to a production of a different protein.
Term
Locus
Definition
Location of a chromosome of a particular gene.
Term
Allelle
Definition
Alternate forms of the same genes.
Term
Dominant
Definition
Overwhelming allelle
Term
Recessive
Definition
Undercut allelle, the lack of a protein.
Term
Homologous
Definition
Chromosomes that carry genes that aer similar.
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Two of the same allelle.
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Two different allelles.
Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition
Bb x Bb, yeilds a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Term
Dihybrid Cross
Definition
AaBb x AaBb, yeilds a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Term
Test Cross
Definition
B_ x bb
If heterozygote - dominant : 1 recessive; If homozygote - all dominant.
Term
Segregation
Definition
Alternate allelles separate during gamete formation (meiosis)
Term
Independent Assortment
Definition
Segregation of allelles on one gene have no effect on the segregation of allelles on another gene.
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
heterozygous results in a mix of both allelles. (RR-red rr-white Rr-pink).
Term
Codominance
Definition
neither allelles recessive to the other, but both expressed (both dominant).
Term
Multiple Allelles
Definition
More than two allelles to choose from.
Term
Pleiotropy
Definition
One gene, two characters.
Term
Epistasis
Definition
Two genes, one character.
Term
Quantitative Characters
Definition
Huge range of variation (skin color, height).
Term
Environmental Interference
Definition
Environmenmt has large effect. (Starvation stunts growth).
Term
What we know about Mendel's work with pea plants
Definition
1. Particles called genes.
2. Alternate traits due to allelles.
3. Diploid organisms carry 2 allelles.
4. Dominant, recessive allelles.
5. Homozygous or heterozygous.
Term
Linkage
Definition
Genes on the same chromasome.
Term
Sex Determination
Definition
females-XX males-XY
Term
Sex-Linkage
Definition
A gene found on a sex determination chromosome
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
Recessive allelle, carried on X chromasome. (Inability to clot blood).
Term
Red-Green Color Blindness
Definition
Recessive allelle, carried on X chromosome. (Red and green cannot be distinguished).
Term
Non-Disjunction
Definition
Chromosomes pulled apart unequally.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
3 copies of chromosome #21.
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
Single X Chromosome
Term
Klinefelter Syndrome
Definition
Genotype XXY (extremely effeminate male)
Term
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Definition
Homozygous dominant. (Lack of iron in the blood).
Term
Sickle-Cell Trait
Definition
Heterozygous. (Lack of Iron in blood, but unusual resistance to malaria).
Term
X Inactivation
Definition
One X in females shuts off.
Term
Barr Bodies
Definition
Little black speck of shut off X.
Term
Genetic Anticipation
Definition
With each generation, disease gets worse.
Term
Four Stages of a Genetic Engineering Experiment.
Definition
1) Cleaving DNA
2) Producing Recombinant DNA
3)Cloning
4) Screening
Term
Restriction Enzymes
Definition
Capable of cutting DNA.
Term
Sticky Ends
Definition
Single Stranded section of DNA that sticks to DNA with a complementary strand.
Term
Plasmids
Definition
Has both Human and Bacterial DNA (E. Coli with other traits from animals)
Term
Clone Libraries
Definition
All human genes into a library of clones. Able to find copies of any human gene.
Term
Probes
Definition
Small fragment of DNA with complementary sequence.
Term
The Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]
Definition
DNA is denatured >>> single-stranded (by heating the DNA)
Primer + DNA polymerase + nucleoside triphosphates
Produces many copies of the DNA
Term
Complementary DNA [cDNA]
Definition
mRNA + Reverse transcriptase.
Term
DNA Fingerprinting
Definition
Differentiating between individuals by DNA sequences.
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
Seperating DNA according to size.
Term
Gene Therapy
Definition
Treating people with genetic disorders via new genes.
Term
Transgenics
Definition
Creating organisms with new genes.
Term
Darwin's Observations
Definition
1) All Species are capable of overproducing
2) Populations are capable of overproducing
3) Resources are limited
4) Individuals are unique.
5) Many characteristics are inherited
Term
Darwin's Inferences
Definition
1) There is a struggle for exsistence
2) There is Differential Reproduction
3) Over many generations there is a change in the population
Term
Darwin's Inferences
Definition
1) There is a struggle for exsistence
2) There is Differential Reproduction
3) Over many generations there is a change in the population
Term
Descent with Modification
Definition
From generation to generation, organisms change.
Term
"Fitness"
Definition
Reproductive success.
Term
Ecological Niche
Definition
A set of conditions that organisms adapt to and thrive the best. Only one organism can occupy a niche at one time.
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
A group of organisms arrive at a new set of conditions, and nature "selecting" organisms that survive by means of fitness.
Term
Progressive Changes in the Fossil Record
Definition
99% of all species are now extinct.
Term
The Geographical Distribution of Species
Definition
Species adapted to specific locations.
Term
Homologous Structures
Definition
Anatomical signs of descent with modification.
Term
Developmental Similarities
Definition
During embryonic development, organisms that are in early stages have very similar development.
Term
Molecular Studies
Definition
Species that are related to each other have similar amino acid chains.
Term
Galapagos Finches
Definition
Several different species of finches, beaks were all different because they were specialized for different types of food.
Term
Hawaiian [I]Drosophila[/I]
Definition
A fly that has adapted to each island.
Term
African Cichlid Fishes
Definition
Lives in a series of lakes in Africa, diversifying so that there are different species in each lake.
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
The whole history of an organism.
Term
Phylogenetic Tree
Definition
A branching pattern of speciation events.
Term
Binomial Nomenclature
Definition
[i]Genus species[/i], a name for every organism on earth.
Term
Cladistics
Definition
Groups based on evolutionary relatedness.
Term
Cladogram
Definition
Product of cladistic analysis.
Term
Monophyletic groups
Definition
A common ancestor, and all of it's descendants.
Term
Polyphyletic Groups
Definition
A common ancestor and some of it's descendants.
Term
Paraphyletic Groups
Definition
Descendants without a common ancestor.
Term
Homologous Traits
Definition
Traits from a common ancestor.
Term
Convergence
Definition
Traits that appear similar, but are not from a common ancestor.
Term
Outgroup
Definition
Closely related, but isn't part of the group.
Term
Biological Species Concept
Definition
Organisms of different species can't breed.
Term
Ecological Species Concept
Definition
Only one species can occupy an ecological niche.
Term
Morphological Species Concept
Definition
Species look similar.
Term
Genealogical Species Concept
Definition
Relatedness among a common ancestor.
Term
Allopatric Speciation
Definition
Organisms are geographically separated.
Term
Sympatric Speciation
Definition
A new species arises in the presence of it's parental species.
Term
Prezygotic Barriers
Definition
Barriers that take place place before sperm fertilizes the egg.
Term
Habitat Barriers
Definition
Diverging locations, and rarely encounter each other.
Term
Temporal Barriers
Definition
Being in the position to mate at different times.
Term
Mechanical Barriers
Definition
Mechanically incompatible.
Term
Gametic Barriers
Definition
Sperm and egg don't react together.
Term
Postzygotic Barriers
Definition
Barriers after the sperm fertilizes the egg.
Term
Hybrid Inviability
Definition
The zygote doesn't develop normally.
Term
Hybrid Sterility
Definition
Becomes an adult, but is sterile.
Term
Hybrid Breakdown
Definition
The first generation is healthy, but each generation is worse and worse.
Term
Macroevolution
Definition
The arrival of evolutionary novelties (eyes, limbs, etc.)
Term
Exaptation
Definition
Using a body part for another purpose.
Term
Evo-Devo
Definition
Study of the relationship between evolution and development.
Term
Allometric Growth
Definition
Different parts of the body grow at different rates.
Term
Paedomorphosis
Definition
A juvenile organism becomes sexually mature.
Term
Homeotic (Hox) Genes
Definition
Determine different body parts.
Term
Population
Definition
Group of organisms of the same species living in the same place, and capable of breeding.
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
All the genes in all the alleles of a population.
Term
Allele Frequencies
Definition
How common is one allele over another.
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
A sudden decrease in the size of a population.
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
A small group from a population forms a new population.
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
A catastrophic event kills most of a population.
Term
Gene Flow
Definition
Genes moving in or out of a population.
Term
Immigration
Definition
Genes moving into a population.
Term
Emigration
Definition
Genes moving out of a population.
Term
Mutation
Definition
Alleles becoming new alleles.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
One allele becoming more advantageous than another.
Term
Directional Selection.
Definition
Alleles of a phenotype are moving in one direction.
Term
Diversifying Selection
Definition
Alleles of a phenotype favor extremes.
Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition
Alleles of a phenotype favor mediary traits.
Term
Sexual Dimorphism
Definition
Two very different phenotypes for genders
Term
Intrasexual Selection
Definition
Sexual selection within members of the same gender.
Term
Intersexual Selection
Definition
Sexual selection between the genders.
Term
Macromolecules
Definition
Molecules that can break down into smaller parts.
Term
Monomers
Definition
Small molecules that make up macromolecules.
Term
Polymers
Definition
Chains of monomers.
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Macromolecules used for energy storage (sugars).
Term
Thermal Energy
Definition
Heat energy.
Term
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Energy is neither created nor destroyed. It is simply converted.
Term
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Entropy is always increasing (thermal energy)
Term
Nonspontaneous Reactions
Definition
Things moving in a direction they do not want to move.
Term
Catabolism/Decomposition
Definition
Taking large molecules and making them smaller.
Term
Oxidation
Definition
Molecule loses an electron.
Term
Reduction
Definition
Molecule gains an electron.
Term
Tubular Gut
Definition
Whole path between mouth and anus.
Term
Pepsin
Definition
Breaks peptide bonds, located in the stomach.
Term
Protease
Definition
Enzyme that breaks down protiens.
Term
Nuclease
Definition
Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids.
Term
Lipase
Definition
Enzyme that breaks down lipids.
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Seperates our cells from the external environment.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Where all chemical reactions take place.
Term
Selective Permeability
Definition
Plasma Membrane will only let certain things in or out.
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
Phosphate lipids that make up the plasma membrane.
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
Large protiens suspended in phosphlipid bilayer that allow materials in or out.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Transport that does not require energy.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
Determines whether or not thing move across the membrane. Things move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Things move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Passive movement of water based on levels of glucose.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Concentration of glucose in the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell. Water moves into the cell.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Concentration of glucose in the cell is less than the concentration outside the cell. Water moves out of cell.
Term
Transport Protiens
Definition
Protiens that provide energy to move molecules up their gradients.
Term
Ion Pumps
Definition
Transport protiens that move ions up their gradients.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Expelling something undesirable from cell.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
bringing something into the cell from the outside.
Term
Primary Electron Acceptor
Definition
Where electron jumps to after being phtoexcited.
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Electron runs back down th chlorophyll.
Term
Temp. and Photosynthesis
Definition
As temperature increases, rate of photosythesis speeds up.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Exchanging waste and nutrients with external environment.
Term
Respiritory Surface
Definition
How organisms exchange with the outside body for all cells (eg. lungs).
Term
Gills
Definition
Respiratory surface of water based organisms. Water carries oxygen directly to the gills.
Term
Transpiration
Definition
Exchanging gasses with the environment.
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Dead-end sacks in lungs (trillions) surrounded by blood vessels.
Term
Kidneys
Definition
Where urine is produced.
Term
Nephrons
Definition
Microscopic structure in kidneys.
Term
Ureters
Definition
Transports urine from kidney to bladder.
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
Where urine is stored.
Term
Urethra
Definition
Where urine exits the body.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Organelles with huge membrane surface where the photoreaction synthesis takes place.
Term
Thylakoid Membrane
Definition
Coiled membrane in the chloroplasts.
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
Pigment molecule that reflects green light.
Term
Antenna Complex
Definition
Big light gathering satellite dish.
Term
Accessory Pigments
Definition
Molecules that gather light energy and funnel energy to the reaction center.
Term
Reaction Center
Definition
Where light reactions start.
Term
Photoexcitation
Definition
Process of moving an electron to a higher energy level.
Term
Primary Electron Acceptor
Definition
Where electron jumps to after being phtoexcited.
Term
Photosystem I
Definition
P700, takes the electron in chlorophyll molecules.
Term
Photosystem II
Definition
P680, gives off an electron, produces oxygen.
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Electron runs back down th chlorophyll.
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
Result of the electron transport chain.
Term
ATP Synthase
Definition
Enzyme that synthesizes ATP.
Term
Photoinhibition
Definition
Decrease in photosynthesis due to too much light.
Term
Temp. and Photosynthesis
Definition
As temperature increases, rate of photosythesis speeds up.
Term
CO2 Concentration
Definition
Fixing CO2 becomes easier, rate of photosynthesis increases.
Term
Photorespiration
Definition
Rubisco fixes oxygen instead of carbon.
Term
Rubisco
Definition
Most abundant protien on Earth.
Term
C4 Plants
Definition
4-carbon sugar other than Rubisco is used. Another part of the plant is used to break down C4.
Term
CAM Plants
Definition
Keep stomata closed during the day and open at night.
Term
Facultative
Definition
Can perform both anerobic and aerobic respiration.
Term
Obligate
Definition
Can only perform anerobic or aerobic respiration.
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
All living things are made up of cells, and all living things come from preexsisting cells.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Single sugar (eg. glucose).
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
Combination of two saccharides (eg. sucrose, lactose).
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Multiple saccharides (eg. starch, glycogen).
Term
Lipids
Definition
Fats, used for long term storage.
Term
Saturated Fats
Definition
Fats completely surrounded by hydrogen
Term
Unsaturated Fats
Definition
Fats with double bonds.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Seperation from eternal environment.
Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to do work.
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
The potential for kinetic or chemical energy (stored energy.)
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
Energy of movement (eg. boulder falling off a cliff).
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
Energy stored in chemical bonds, released when bonds are broken.
Term
Thermal Energy
Definition
Heat energy.Energy is lost from living systems as ehat energy is lost.
Term
Spontaneous Reactions
Definition
Things moving in a direction they want to move.
Term
Endergonic
Definition
Absorbing energy.
Term
Exergonic
Definition
Releasing energy.
Term
Autotroph
Definition
Self feeding.
Term
Primary Producers
Definition
Produce glucose.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Harnessing energy from the sun to produce glucose.
Term
Chemosynthesis
Definition
Harnessing energy of decomposition (eg. bacteria in sulfur springs)
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
Feed on others.
Term
Primary Consumers
Definition
Herbivores
Term
Secondary Consumers
Definition
Carnivores
Term
Decomposers
Definition
Take complex organic molecules and break them down.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Trigger reactions. Made up of protiens.
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
The way small molecules fit into a particular enzyme.
Term
Active Site
Definition
Place in enzyme that molecule fits into.
Term
Substrate
Definition
Reactant that fits into the active site.
Term
Concentration
Definition
Higher concentration, quicker the reactions take place.
Term
Temperature and pH
Definition
Affects enzyme movement.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
High temperature causes enzymes to break down.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Whole set of reactions going on in body.
Term
Anabolism/Synthesis
Definition
Taking small molecules and making them larger.
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
Simplest cells that evolved first (eg. Bacteria).
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
Complex cells that contain organelles
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
Place with DNA floating in cytosol.
Term
Plasmids
Definition
Small circular molecules fo DNA that carry exchangable genes.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Houses DNA
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
In the nucleus, produces rRNA (ribosomes).
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Vast membrane that wraps around for more surface area.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Studded with ribosomes (creates an extensive surface for ribosomes).
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Produces protiens (not membrane bound).
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Packages quantities of molecules, labels it, sends it to another part of the cell.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Vesicles inside the cell that contain digestive enzymes.
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Enzymes inside the cell that nuetralize peroxide.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Infrastructure of cell that maintains shape.
Term
Cell Movement
Definition
Extensions from cell membrane that move cell around.
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Increase surface area of cell to have more room for change.
Term
Cilia
Definition
Hundreds of thousands of little hairs that move through the environment.
Term
Flagella
Definition
Whiplike tail that propels cell through aquatic environment (eg. sperm).
Term
Xylem
Definition
Passageway through which water is carried up through the roots to the leaves.
Term
Ploem
Definition
Nutrients carried from the leaves down to the roots.
Term
Open Circulatory System
Definition
Moves a fluid through the body (bathes in internal organs)
Term
Closed Circulatory System
Definition
Moves fluid through a system of vessels or tubes that does not leak.
Term
Heart
Definition
Keeps blood moving through system of vessels
Term
Atrium
Definition
First chamber in the two-chambered heart.
Term
Ventricle
Definition
Second chamber in the two-chambered heart.
Term
Arterial Flow
Definition
Right side of the heart that recieves deoxiginated blood.
Term
Venous Flow
Definition
Pushes blood out to the lungs.
Term
Arteries
Definition
Carries blood away from the heart.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest blood vessels where exchange takes place.
Term
Veins
Definition
Carry blood to the heart.
Term
The Cardiac Cycle
Definition
The way the heart beats (Arteries contract split second before ventricles)
Term
ElectroCardioGram
Definition
Machine that reads the electrical activity of a heart.
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
Pick up oxygen in lungs.
Term
White Blood Cells
Definition
Function in immune system.
Term
Platelets
Definition
Clot blood when cut.
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