Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology Chapter 20 Vocab
N/A
39
Biology
11th Grade
03/12/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.
Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
Term
Biotechnology
Definition
The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.
Term
Gene Cloning
Definition
The production of multiple copies of a gene.
Term
Clone
Definition
(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning.
Term
Restriction Enzymes
Definition
A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
Term
Restriction Site
Definition
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme.
Term
Restriction Fragments
Definition
DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme.
Term
Sticky End
Definition
A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.
Term
DNA Ligase
Definition
A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain.
Term
Cloning Vector
Definition
An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering.
Term
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Definition
Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
Term
Nucleic Acid Probe
Definition
In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.
Term
Genomic Library
Definition
A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
Term
Complementary DNA
Definition
A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Term
cDNA Library
Definition
A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined.
Term
Expression Vector
Definition
A cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted.
Term
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
Definition
A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres--with foreign DNA.
Term
Electroporation
Definition
A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Definition
A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Term
Southern Blotting
Definition
A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
Term
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
Definition
Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps.
Term
Human Genome Project
Definition
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
Term
Linkage Map
Definition
A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
Term
Physical Map
Definition
A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
Term
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
Definition
An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100, 000 to 500, 000 base pairs.
Term
Genomics
Definition
The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions.
Term
In Vitro Mutagenesis
Definition
A technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant.
Term
RNA Interference
Definition
A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene’s messenger RNA.
Term
DNA Microarray Assays
Definition
A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.
Term
Proteomics
Definition
The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes.
Term
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Definition
One base-pair variation in the genome sequence.
Term
Gene Therapy
Definition
The alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease.
Term
DNA Fingerprint
Definition
An individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
Term
Transgenic
Definition
Pertaining to an individual plant or animal whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism, either from the same or a different species.
Term
Ti Plasmid
Definition
A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
Term
Genetically Modified Organisms
Definition
An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!