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Biology Ch. 7 - The Cardiovascular System
MCAT
25
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/26/2016

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Term
In what order does blood flow through the structures of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
right atrium→tricuspid valve→right ventricle→pulmonary valve→pulmonary artery→lungs→pulmonary vein→left atrium→bicuspid (mitral) valve→left ventricle→aortic valve→aorta→arteries→arterioles→capillaries→venules→veins→inferior vena cava→right atrium
Term
What is the order of electric conduction in the heart?
Definition
  1. Sinoatrial node 60-100bpm
  2. atrioventricular node 
  3. bundle of His
  4. Purkinje fibers
Term
intercalated discs
Definition
connect muscle cells with gap junctions which directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Term
systole
Definition
ventricular contraction when the atrioventricular valves are closed
Term
diastole
Definition
period of time when heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed
Term
What are the three portal systems of the body?
Definition
  • hepatic portal system - blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
  • hypophyseal portal system - blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
  • renal portal system - blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
Term
cardiac output
Definition
the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute; heat rate times stroke volume
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
  • red blood cells
  • have no nucleus, mitochondria or organelles to make room for hemoglobin
Term
leukocytes
Definition
  • white blood cells
  • formed in the bone marrow, crucial to immune system
  • granulocytes - basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
  • agranulocytes - lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, NK cells), monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells
Term
thrombocytes
Definition
  • platelets - cell fragments released from cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes
  • assist in blood clotting
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
the production of blood cells and platelets; triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors and cytokines
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development
Term
thrombopoietin
Definition
secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development
Term
ABO antigens and antibodies
Definition
The antigens produced correspond to blood type, A produces A antigens, B produces B antigens and so on. The antibodies produced are determined by what types you do not have. If you don't have A you produce A antibodies. If you don't have A or B you produce A and B antibodies. Despite not being exposed to the antigens your body automatically produces these antibodies.
Term
erythroblastosis fatalis
Definition
when the mother is Rh negative and has been exposed to Rh positive blood she will produce the Rh antibody. If she has a fetus that is Rh positive the mother's antibodies will be able to cross the placenta and attack the fetus
Term
Where does the largest drop in blood pressure occur?
Definition
across the arterioles
Term
cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
Definition
each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits
Term
What is the interaction between CO2 and a red blood cell?
Definition
COenters a red blood cell and is reacted with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) by carbonic anhydrase. This weak acid then dissociates into a proton and the bicarbonate anion. This is the primary way that carbon dioxide is transported in the body.
Term
Bohr effect
Definition
hemoglobin's decreased affinity for oxygen leads to a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. This results from higher H+ concentrations (lower pH), the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin reducing its affinity
Term
What causes right and left shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Definition
  • right shift (lower affinity, oxygen dissociates more easily): low pH, increase temperature, increased 2,3-bisphoshphoglycerate
  • left shift (higher affinity, oxygen dissociates less easily): decreased partial CO2 pressure in blood, decreased [H+], increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls; pushes fluid out of the bloodstream and into the interstitium through the capillary walls
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
the 'sucking' pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream; called oncotic pressure as well
Term
Starling forces
Definition
the balance of the opposing hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure; is essential for maintaining proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature; hydrostatic pressure is greater at the arteriole end of the capillary bed pushing water out, while osmotic pressure is greater at the venule end which pushes water back in
Term
What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade?
Definition
The activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin. Thrombin can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin ultimately forms small fibers that aggregate and cross-link into a woven structure that captures RBCs and other platelets forming a clot
Term
What causes clots to break down?
Definition
plasmin generated from plasminogen
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