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Biology Ch 9 -12
N/A
45
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
05/11/2010

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Cards

Term
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains all genetic information (_____) of an organism, usually billions of nucleotides long
Definition
genome
Term
DNA packaged with a globular protein
Definition
chromatin
Term
shorter segments of DNA (millions of nucleotides)
Definition
chromosomes
Term
for each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is inherited from the ___ and one from the ____
Definition
father
mother
Term
duplicated chromosomes in their condensed form
Definition
sister chromatid
Term
the shortest segment of DNA (hundreds of nucleotides) which provides the genetic information that encodes for the production of one protein
Definition
gene
Term
the genetic information is stored in the sequence of ____
Definition
nucleotides
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the chromosomes condense, forming sister chromatids
Definition
prophase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the nuclear envelope begins to break down
Definition
prophase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the mitotic spindle (composed of microtubules growing out of the centrosomes) begins to form
Definition
prophase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the microtubules attach to the sister chromatids and begin to move them to the metaphase plate (equator of the cell)
Definition
metaphase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ each centrosome is now at the poles of the cell
Definition
metaphase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ sister chromatids simultaneously separate and are pulled to the poles of the cell by microtubules (mitotic spindle)
Definition
anaphase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the cleavage furrow begins to form
Definition
anaphase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the nuclear envelopes are beginning to form around the DNA (forming 2 nuclei)at the two poles
Definition
telophase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ organelles are also accumulating around the two poles and the cleavage furrow expands
Definition
telophase
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ the cell is completely split in two by the cleave furrow and two new cells are created
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
in the mitosis phase ____ each cell has a complete copy of DNA and is an identical daughter cell
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes in their condensed form
Definition
prophase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ crossing over is a major source of genetic variation
Definition
prophase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ mitotic spindle forms and nuclear envelope break down
Definition
prophase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ homologous chromosomes pair up at the metaphase plate, with each pair being on one side of the metaphase plate
Definition
metaphase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ independent assortment takes place where there is equal probability of the mother and father chromosomes being on either side of the metaphase plate for each homologous pair
Definition
metaphase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ homologous pairs are separated
Definition
anaphase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ chromosomes are gathered at each end of the cell
Definition
telophase I
Term
in the meiosis phase ____ cytokinesis divides the cell into 2 separate cells that now have half the number of chromosomes (that exist in duplicated form)
Definition
telophase I
Term
the result of meiosis is ___ gamete cells, each with half the number of chromosomes that the starting cell, and each being genetically distinct
Definition
4
Term
these are the observable genetic traits
Definition
phenotype
Term
a phenotype is not always directly determined by genotype but may be influenced by ____ ____
Definition
environmental factors
Term
this is the genetic makeup of a trait
Definition
genotype
Term
for ever one gene there are ___ alleles (forms one gene), one allele per chromosome in a homologous pair
Definition
two
Term
some genes have only __ types of alleles that are possible dominant and recessive
Definition
two
Term
two dominant alleles, YY, and the dominant phenotype is expressed, yellow seed color
Definition
homozygous dominant
Term
two recessive alleles, yy, and the recessive phenotype is expressed, green seed color
Definition
homozygous recessive
Term
a genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele, Yy, and the dominant phenotype is expressed yellow seed color
Definition
heterozygous
Term
Mendel derived 2 basic laws: _____ ___ _____ each of the 2 alleles separates during gamete formation. alleles recombine during sexual fertilization to give a total of two alleles for each gene
Definition
principle of segregation
Term
Mendel derived 2 basic laws: _____ ___ _____ _____ states that traits are inherited independently of other traits, this principle was formulated as a direct result of experiments done with dihybrid crosses
Definition
principle of independent assortment
Term
______ ______ are recessive disorders (having no dominant allele present) involving genes located only on the X chromosome, more common in males, example: color blindness and hemophilia
Definition
x-linked disorders
Term
____ ____ are disorders on any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where two recessive alleles must be present to have the disease, example: sickle cell anemia and albinism
Definition
autosomal disorders
Term
______ _____ are disorders on any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where only one dominant allele is needed to have the disease. a person can be homozygous dominant or heterozygous, example: Huntington disease and marfan's syndrome
Definition
dominant autosomal
Term
these are used to track the genotypes and phenotypes for a family. are made by working backwards through a punnett square
Definition
pedigree chart
Term
inheriting a complete extra chromosome, results from nondisjunction in meiosis I
Definition
polyplodiy
Term
inheriting an extra copy of one chromosome, results from nondisjunction in meiosis II. Examples - turner syndrome, down syndrome
Definition
aneuploidy
Term
take a gene from one organism and put it into another organism
Definition
transgenic biotechnology
Term
this is the way to produce many copies of DNA from a small sample
Definition
polymerase chain reaction
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