Term
Was known to be a chemical in cells by the end of the nineteenth century
Has the capacity to store genetic information
Can be copied and passed from generation to generation |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and RNA are _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and RNA consist of chemical units called |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleotides are joined by a ___-____ _____ |
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Definition
| sugar-phosphate backbone. |
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Term
| The four nucleotides found in DNA differ in their nitrogenous bases. These bases are: |
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Definition
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
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Term
| RNA has ____ in place of thymine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The model of DNA is like a ____ ______ ______ ____ __ _____ |
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Definition
| rope ladder twisted into a spiral. |
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Term
| DNA bases pair in a complementary fashion... |
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Definition
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) |
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Term
| When a cell reproduces, a complete copy of the ______ must pass from one _____ ___ ___ _____ |
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Definition
DNA
generation to the next. |
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Term
| DNA can be damaged by _______ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA functions as the ________ _____ for a cell or organism |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism’s _______ is its genetic makeup, the sequence of _______ _____ in DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is the organism’s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of protines |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages: transcription and translation |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of a gene is to dictate the production of a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein may consist of two or more different _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Genetic information in DNA is transcribed into _____ then
Translated into ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In DNA, it is the linear sequence of nucleotide bases. |
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Definition
| the language of nucleic acids |
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Term
| A typical gene consists of thousands of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A single DNA molecule may contain thousands of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| When DNA is transcribed, the result is an ______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| a triplet of bases, which codes for one amino acid ____ |
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Definition
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Term
___ _____ is a set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence
Shared by all organisms |
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Definition
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Term
Of the ___ triplets:
___code for amino acids One of these also serves as a start codon
____are stop codons, indicating the end of a _______ |
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Definition
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Term
May Have a Variety of Effects on Protein Structure and Function
Provide the Raw Material for Evolution and are changes in the base sequence of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Most mutations are categorized as ____ ______ _____ _____ _____ |
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Definition
Substitutions Translocation Deletions Insertions Inversions
(S T D II)
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Term
| _____ in the DNA base sequence are transcribed into the mRNA and translated into a different amino acid sequence in the protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations create new ___ ______ and are the ultimate source of genetic variation, those that are beneficial may spread through a population and become common |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _______ is the analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine whether the samples come from the same individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products |
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Definition
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Term
Biotechnology today means the use of _____ ______ methods for:
Studying and manipulating genetic material
Modifying specific genes
Moving genes between organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ____is formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Recombinant DNA technology is widely used in _______ _____ the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1982,_______ the world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA technology is used to produce medically valuable molecules, including: (3 things) |
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Definition
Human growth hormone (HGH)
The hormone EPO, which stimulates production of red blood cells
Vaccines |
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Term
| _______, harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to prevent infectious diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientists have produced many types of ___ ___ ___ organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means |
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Definition
| genetically modified (GM) organisms |
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Term
| _____ _____contains a gene from another organism, typically of another species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria are the workhorses of modern ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| To work with genes in the laboratory, biologists often use bacterial _____ small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
______ can easily incorporate foreign DNA:
Are readily taken up by bacterial cells
Can act as vectors
Are ideal for gene cloning |
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Definition
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Term
| Recombinant _____ _____ can help biologists produce large quantities of a desired protein. |
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Definition
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Term
_____ ______ can be used to determine if two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual
Has rapidly revolutionized the field of ______, the scientific analysis of evidence from crime scenes |
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Definition
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Term
| To produce a DNA profile, scientists compare ______ ______sequences in the genome that vary from person to person. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the science of studying complete sets of genes . |
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Definition
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Term
| The first targets of genomics were |
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Definition
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Term
Begun in 1990, the ___ ___ ___ was a massive scientific endeavor:
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and to identify the location and sequence of every gene |
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Definition
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Term
The Human Genome Project can help map the genes for specific diseases such as:
(2 diseases) |
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Definition
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease |
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Term
| Begun in 2006, the ____ ____ _____ seeks to collect information on all of the genetic variations that affect human health |
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Definition
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Term
| As soon as scientists realized the power of DNA technology, they began to worry about potential dangers such as the: |
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Definition
Creation of hazardous new pathogens
Transfer of cancer genes into infectious bacteria and viruses |
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Term
Strict laboratory safety procedures have been designed to:
Protect researchers from infection by ____ _____
Prevent_________ from accidentally leaving the laboratory |
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Definition
engineered microbes
Microbes |
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Term
| __ strains account for a significant percentage of several agricultural crops in the United States. |
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Definition
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Term
Darwin presented two main concepts: ___ _______
Change occurs as a result of __ ___ ___ with natural selection as the mechanism |
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Definition
Life evolves
“descent with modification,” |
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Term
| _____ _____ is a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics and leads to a population |
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Definition
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Term
| In one modern definition of ________ the genetic composition of a population changes over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ ___ ______ challenged the notion that the Earth was: relatively young and Populated by unrelated species. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Greek philosopher _______ held the belief that species are fixed and do not evolve. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ____ ___suggested that organisms evolved by the process of adaptation by the inheritance of acquired characteristics, now known to be incorrect |
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Definition
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Term
___ ___dropped out of medical school and then studied for the clergy at Christ's College at Cambridge
Sailed on the Beagle |
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Definition
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Term
Darwin was intrigued by:
The _______ ______ of organisms on the Galápagos Islands and
_________between organisms in the Galápagos and those in South America |
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Definition
geographic distribution
Similarities |
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Term
| Darwin was strongly influenced by the writings of geologist ______ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Lyell suggested that the Earth:
Is____ _____
Was sculpted by gradual ______ ______ that continue today |
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Definition
very old
geological processe |
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Term
Dawin was also influenced by _____ _____ who wrote Essay on Populations
__________ are limited by the resources available which leads to competion. |
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Definition
Thomas Malthus
Populations |
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Term
Darwin made two main points in ___ ____ _______:
Organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from _____ species
_____ ______ was the mechanism for descent with modification |
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Definition
The Origin of Species
ancestral
Natural selection |
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Term
| Types of biological evolution that leave observable signs. |
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Definition
Molecular biology, Comparative embryology, Comparative anatomy, Biogeography, and the fossil record
M C C B F
(Moms Cat Can Barely Fly) |
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Term
______ Record Is the ordered sequence of _______ as they appear in rock layers
Reveals the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence
Fits the molecular and cellular evidence that prokaryotes are the ancestors of all life |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are scientists that study fossils |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is the study of the geographic distribution of species that first suggested to Darwin that today’s organisms evolved from ancestral forms. |
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Definition
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Term
____ ____ Is the comparison of body structure between different species
Confirms that evolution is a remodeling process |
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Definition
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Term
The similarity in structures due to common ancestry
Illustrated by the remodeling of the pattern of bones forming the forelimbs of mammals |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ______ are remnants of features that served important functions in an organism’s ancestors |
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Definition
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Term
Early stages of development in different animal species reveal additional homologous relationships.
Ex: pharyngeal pouches appear on the side of the embryo’s throat, which:
Develop into gill structures in fish
Form parts of the ear and throat in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| The hereditary background of an organism is documented in |
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Definition
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Term
Evolutionary relationships among species can be determined by comparing:
_____ and
________ of different organisms |
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Definition
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Term
All species tend to produce excessive numbers.
This leads to a struggle for existence. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ variation exists among individuals in a population. Much of this variation is heritable. |
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Definition
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Term
Genetic variation results from:
_______ ______the shuffling of alleles during meiosis and Mutations |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin saw the history of life as analogous to a |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ is the fusion of genetics with evolutionary biology |
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Definition
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Term
A group of individuals of the same species, living in the same place, at the same time
The smallest biological unit that can evolve |
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Definition
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Term
Individual variation abounds in ________
Not all variation in a population is ______
Only the genetic component of variation is relevant to ____________ |
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Definition
populations
heritable
natural selection |
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Term
Variable traits in a population may be:
______ resulting from the combined effects of several genes or determined by a single gene |
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Definition
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Term
| traits tend to produce phenotypes that vary more or less continuously. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ____traits tend to produce only a few distinct phenotypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____is a reservoir from which the next generation draws its genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| From a genetic perspective evolution can be defined as a generation-to-generation change in a population’s frequencies of alleles, sometimes called ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
The main causes of evolutionary change are:
_____ _____
_____ _____
_____ ______ |
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Definition
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Natural selection |
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Term
A change in the gene pool of a small population
Due to chance. |
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Definition
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Term
____ _____ Is an example of genetic drift
Results from a drastic reduction in population size |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ______is likely when a few individuals colonize an isolated habitat and represent genetic drift in a new colony. |
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Definition
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Term
____ _____ Is genetic exchange with another population
Tends to reduce genetic differences between populations |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ the transfer of information from RNA into a protein |
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Definition
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