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Biology cards- Test 2
Chapters 5,7,8
95
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2008

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Cards

Term
Wavelengths of light are....
Definition
400-750 nm
Term
Light microscopes can resolve objects down to....
Definition
about 200 nm in size
Term
[image]
Definition

Fill in the blank

Term
[image]
Definition

Fill in the blank

A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

B. Lysosome

C. Microfilaments

D. Vacuole

E. Ribosomes

F. Golgi Complex

G. Cell Membrane

H. Centrosome

I. Nucleus

J. Microtubule

K. Mitochondrion

Term
Stroma:
Definition
Fluid within chloroplast
Term
Thylakoid:
Definition
one of those sacs with in chloroplast; chlorophyll is built into the thylakoid membranes; "penny-like" appearance
Term
Granum:
Definition
A stack of Thylakoids within a chloroplast; "stack of pennies" appearance
Term

Overall reaction of the Calvin- Benson Cycle:

Definition
CO2 goes in and glucose is the final product
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
  • Found in Amical cells
  • Extends throughout cytoplasm
  • 2 regions: Rough & smooth
Term

Which of the following structures are found in all cells? Select the best answer

 

A. Cell wall

B. Plasma Membrane

C.Nucleus

D. Cytoplasm

E. Ribosomes

F. B, D, and E

Definition

F. B, D, and E

 

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

Term
If a structure is 1/2 the wavelength long....
Definition
It will not be visible
Term
The cell theory states that:
Definition
All living things are composed of cells
Term
Chromosomes consist of
Definition
Proteins and DNA
Term
 
Sorting and modification of proteins is an important function of __________.
Definition
The Golgi Complex
Term
 
Which of the following organelle(s) is (are) found in animal cells, but not in plant cells?
a. mitochondria
b. chloroplasts
c. central vacuole
d. cell wall
e. cytoskeleton
f. none of the above
Definition

F. None of the above

Term

Which of the following is an incorrect statement concerning the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

 

a. Prokaryotic cells contain multiple molecules of DNA.
b. Prokaryotic cells are enclosed by a cell wall.
c. Prokaryotic cells contain cytoplasm.
d. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
e. Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleoid.
Definition
A. Prokaryotic cells contain multiple molecules of DNA
Term
 
Lysosomes contain very powerful digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules. Why don't these enzymes digest the cell itself?
Definition
The enzymes are separated from the cytoplasm by the lysosomal membrane
Term
 
Why are living cells limited to remaining microscopic in size?
Definition
Exchanges of substances at the membrane surface would take to long to difuse throughout the interior of the cell.
Term
 
 Which of the following has the greatest amount of kinetic energy?
A. tank of gasoline
B. moving car
C. hot car engine
D. cool air surrounding the engine
E. an unlit firecracker
Definition
B. Moving Car
Term
 
 All the following statements are true of the FIRST law of thermodynamics EXCEPT?
A. the amount of useful energy decreases.
 B.the first law of thermodynamics is often called the law of the conservation of energy.
C. the total amount of energy within an isolated system remains the same.
D. one form of energy may be converted to a different form of energy.
E. All are true of the first law.
Definition
A. The amount of useful energy decreases
Term
 
Which of the following has potential energy?
A. water droplet on top of a waterfall
B. glucose molecule
C. diver on a springboard
D. 9V battery
E. all of the above
Definition

E. all of the above.

 

Water droplet on top of a waterfall, glucose molecule, diver on a spring board, 9V battery

Term
 
Entropy is a measure of what?
A. increase in orderliness.
B. gain of high-level energy.
C. increase in potential energy.
D. increase in randomness.
E. increase in kinetic energy.
Definition
D. Increase in randomness
Term
 
 Each of the following requires twelve carbon atoms. Which of the arrangements demonstrates carbon atoms with the greatest entropy?
A. twelve molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2
B. one molecule of the disaccharide, maltose, C12-H22-O11
C. two molecules of the monosaccharide glucose, C6-H12-O6
D. four molecules of the monosaccharide, pyruvate C3-H4-O3
E. It is impossible to determine.
Definition
A. twelve molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2
Term
  In an isolated system, all the following are true of the SECOND law of thermodynamics EXCEPT?
A. useful energy decreases.
B. spontaneous changes result in a more uniform distribution of energy.
C. all chemical reactions are exergonic.
D. there is a natural tendency toward greater disorder of the organization of matter.
E. All are true of the second law.
Definition
C. All chemical reactions are exergonic
Term
 
 How is your body able to counteract the effects of entropy?
A. regular exercise
B. sunbathing
C. eating a balanced diet
D. bathing regularly
E. buffers
Definition
C. Eating a balanced diet
Term
 
 Energy that is not converted to useful energy is usually given off as?
A. radioactivity.
B. electricity.
C. light.
D. heat.
E. entropy.
Definition
D. Heat
Term
 
The vast majority of chloroplasts found in a leaf are located where?
Definition
Mesophyll
Term
 
What structural feature of a leaf allows a leaf to obtain CO2 from the air?
Definition
Stomata
Term
 
Before photosynthesis evolved, ________ was rare in Earth's atmosphere?
Definition

O2

 

(oh 2)

Term
 
Specifically, molecules of chlorophyll are located in membranes of sacs called what?
Definition
Thylakoids
Term
 
The products of photosynthesis are?
Definition
Glucose and Oxygen
Term
 
All of the following compounds are required (i.e., are necessary constituents for chemical reactions) at some state of green plant photosynthesis, EXCEPT what?
A. ATP.
B. NADP.
C. water.
D. oxygen.
E. carbon dioxide.
Definition
Oxygen
Term
 
What factors influence the rate of photosynthesis?
Definition
Light intensity, Temp., CO2, water availability
Term
 
The cellular organelle of eukaryotic organisms which is responsible for photosynthetic activity is the what?
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
 
At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form what?
Definition
two molecules of pyruvic acid
Term

ATP is what?

 

A. A short term, energy storage compound?

B. The cells principlle compound for energy transfers

C. Synthesized within mitochondria

D. The molecule all living cells rely on to do work

E. All of the above

Definition

E. All of the above

Term

Cell Theory:

3 things

Definition

1. every organism is composed of one or more cells

2. Cell is smallest unit having properties of life

3.Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cells.

Term
 
What results if glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions?
Definition
Pyruvic acid is converted by fermentation by CO2 and ethanol or lactic acid
Term
 
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called what?
Definition
Fermentation
Term
 
The main function of cell respiration is to produce what?
Definition
ATP
Term
 
During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced?
Definition
2
Term
What are Vesicles?
Definition
  • Membranous sacs that move through cytoplasm
  • Lysosomes ("garbage disposal system")
  • Peroxisomes
Term
 
Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
What is a Cell?
Definition
  • Smallest unit of life
  • Can survive on its own or has potential to do so
  • Highly organized for metabolism
  • Senses and responds to environment
  • HAS potential to reproduce
Term
Describe the structure of a Cell:
Definition

All start out life with:

-Plasma

-Region where DNA is stored

-Cytoplasm

 

TWO TYPES:

1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

Term
Eukaryotic Cells:
Definition
  • Have a nucleus and other organelles
  • Eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, protistans, fungi)
Term
Functions of the Nucleus:
Definition
  • Keeps the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells separated from metabolic machinery of cytoplasm
  • Makes it easier to organize DNA and copy it before parent cells divide into daughter cells
Term
Cytomembrane System:
Definition
  • Group of related organelles in which lipids are assembled and new polypeptide chains are modified
  • Products are sorted and shipped to various destinations
Term
Mitochondria:
Definition
  • ATP producing powerhouses
  • Membranes form 2 distinct compartments
Term

Mitochondrial Origins:

Definition
  • Resemble bacteria: have own DNA, ribosomes. Divide on their own
  • May have evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed, but not digested
Term
Plastids:
Definition
Help plant grow in the correct direction (grow DOWN for roots, UP for shoots)
Term
 
What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?
Definition
G3P
Term
Chloroplasts convert what into ATP through photosynthesis?
Definition
Convert sunlight energy
Term
Cytoskeleton:
Definition
  • Present in all eukaryotic cells
  • Basis for cell shape and internal organization
  • Allows organelle movement within cells and cell motility
Term

Describe a plant cuticle:

Definition
  • Cell secretions and waxes accumulate at plant cell surface.
  • Semi-transparent
  • Restricts water loss
Term
Electron Microscopy:
Definition
  • Uses streams of accelerated electrons rather than light
  • Electrons are focused by magnets rather than glass lenses
  • Can resolve structures down to 0.5 nm
Term

Second Stage Reactions are.....

 

(2 of them)

Definition

Preparatory reactions and Krebs Cycle

Term

Prokaryotic Cells:

Definition
  • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  • DNA is not enclosed in nucleus
  • Generally the smallest, simplest cells
  • No membrane-bound organelles
Term
How to make ATP:
Definition
  • Plants make ATP during Photosynthesis
  • Cells of all organisms make ATP by breaking down carbs, fats and protein
Term
What are the two main types of Energy-releasing pathways?
Definition
  1. Anaerobic Pathways
  2. Aerobic Pathways
Term
Describe a Anaerobic Pathway:
Definition
  • Evolved first
  • Don't require oxygen
  • Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • Completed in cytoplasm
Term
Describe an Aerobic Pathway:
Definition
  • Evolved later
  • Require oxygen
  • Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • Completed in mitochondria
Term

What are the roles of Coenzymes?

Definition
  • Small molecules associated with an enzyme that participates in enzymatic catalysis
  • NAD+, FAD, NADH, FADH2 are examples
  • NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen to become NADH and FADH2
  • Deliver electrons and hydrogen to the electron transfer chain
Term
T/F: Animal cells have cell walls.
Definition
FALSE
Term
Glucose is what kind of sugar? and held together by how many atoms in what kind of bond?
Definition
A simple sugar; and held together by covalent bonds.
Term
Glycolysis occurs in 2 stages:
Definition
  1. Energy-requiring steps
  2. Energy-releasing steps
Term
In the Energy-requiring steps, ATP activates what?
Definition
Activates glucose and its 6-carbon derivatives
Term
In the Energy-releasing steps, the products of the first part are.....
Definition
Split into 3-carbon pyruvate molecules and ATP and NADH form.
Term
What is the number associated with flagella and cilia?
Definition
9+2
Term
What happens in a Preraratory reaction?
Definition
  • Pyruvate is oxidized into 3-carbon acetyl units and carbon dioxide
  • NAD+ is reduced
Term
What happens in the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
  • Acetyl units are oxidized to carbon dioxide
  • NAD+ and FAD are reduced
Term
The Krebs actual cycle is:
Definition
Circular
Term

The reactants and overall products in the Krebs cycle are:

 

(5 of them)

Definition

Reactants:           Products:  

  • Acetyl......... Coenzyme A and 2 C02
  • 3 NAD+....... 3 NADH
  • FAD............ FADH2
  • ADP and Pi.. ATP
Term
Phosphorylatin:
Definition
  • Occurs in the Mitochondria
  • coenzymes deliver electrons to electron transfer chains
  • Electron transfer sets up H+ ion gradients
  • Flow of H+ down gradients powers ATP formation
Term

2 things about the Importance of oxygen:

Definition
  • Electron transport requires the presence of oxygen
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor molecule
Term

What is the efficiency of Aerobic Respiration?

 

(2 things)

Definition
  • Efficiency is only 39%
  • Most energy is lost as heat
Term
Earliest organisms used what kind of pathways?
Definition
Anaerobic Pathways
Term
Describe a Anaerobic Pathway:
Definition
  • Do not use oxygen
  • Produces less ATP than earobic pathways

 

Term
In the Calvin-Benson Cyle, overall, what goes in and what comes out (final product)?
Definition
CO2 goes in and Glucose is the final product
Term
What are the two types of Anaerobic Pathways?
Definition
  1. Fermentation Pathways
  2. Anaerobic electron transport
Term
Do Fermentation pathways Break down glucose? where does it start?
Definition
Does not break down glucose, and begins with glycolysis
Term
How is Anaerobic Electron Transport, carried out?
Definition
Carried out by certain bacteria
Term

What is the ATP yield in Anaerobic electron transport?

Definition
ATP yield is low
Term
Name an example of Flagellum
Definition
Sperm
Term
3 Types of Metabolic pathways:
Definition
Linear, Cyclic, and Branching
Term
True or False: Catalyst are extremely important?
Definition
True
Term
Give an example of negative feedback inhibition:
Definition
Body Temperature
Term
Give an example of Positive feedback inhibition:
Definition
Pregnancy
Term
What are the 3 main components of the Aerobic Respiration Model? And what is the typical energy yield?
Definition

3 main components= Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETP

 

Yields at 36 ATP

Term
What is NADH and example of?
Definition
A coenzyme
Term
Anaerobic respiration takes place in our bodies? True or False?
Definition
TRUE
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