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Biology AP
Ch. 11 Cell Communication
22
Biology
12th Grade
11/07/2007

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Term
Local Regulator
Definition
A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity
Term
Signal Transduction Pathway
Definition
A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific celular response
Term
Growth Factors
Definition
Compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and multiply
Term
Paracrine Signaling
Definition
Numerous cells can simultaneously receive and respond to the molecules of growth factor produced by a single cell in their vicinity
Term
Hormones
Definition
In multicellular organisms, on of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning
Term
Reception
Definition
The target cell's detection (by binding to a receptor protein) of a signal molecule from outside the cell
Term
Transduction
Definition
The conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.
Term
Response
Definition
The change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell
Term
Ligand
Definition
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
Term
Transcription Factors
Definition
Control which genes are transcribed into mRNA in a particular cell at a particular time (proteins)
Term
G Protein
Definition
A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor,(G-protein-linked receptor) to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell; When such a receptor is activated, it in turn activates the G protein, causing it to bind a molecule of GTP in place of GDP; Hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP inactivates the G protein
Term
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Definition
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The phosphorylated tyrosines activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell
Term
Ligand-gated ion channel
Definition
A protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions
Term
Protein Kinase
Definition
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
Term
Protein Phosphatases
Definition
An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase
Term
Second messenger
Definition
A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein
Term
Cyclic AMP
Definition
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (2nd messenger) in eukaryotic cells); it is also a regulator of some bacterial operons
Term
Adenylyl Cyclase
Definition
An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal
Term
Inositol Trisphosphate(Ip3)
Definition
A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytophasmic CA concentration
Term
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Definition
A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane
Term
Scaffolding Protein
Definition
A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction
Term
Synpathic Signaling  
Definition
A specialized type of local signaling occurs in animal nervous systems
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