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Biology AP
Ch. 47 Animal Development
40
Biology
12th Grade
11/18/2007

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Term
Cytoplasmic Determinants
Definition
The material substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells
Term
Cell Differentiation
Definition
The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression
Term
Morphogenesis
Definition
The development of body shape and organization
Term
Acrosomal Reaction
Definition
The discharge of a sperm's acrosome when the sperm approaches an egg
Term
Acrosome
Definition
A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg
Term
Fast Block to Polyspermy
Definition
The depolarization of the egg membrane within 1-3 seconds after sperm binding to the vitelline layer; The reaction prevents additional sperm from fusing with the egg's plasma membrane
Term
Cortical Reaction
Definition
Exocytosis of enzymes from cortical granules in the egg cytoplasm during fertilization
Term
Cortical Granules
Definition
Vesicles located just under the plasma membrane of an egg cell that undergo exocytosis during the cortical reaction
Term
Fertilization envelope
Definition
the swelling of the vitelline layer away from the plasma membrane
Term
Slow Block to Polyspermy
Definition
The formation of the fertilization envelope and other changes in the egg's surfce that prevent fusion of the egg with more than one sperm
Term
Zona Pellucida
Definition
The extracellular matrix of a mammalian egg
Term
Blastomeres
Definition
A small cell of an early embryo
Term
Morula
Definition
A solid ball of blastomeres formed by earl y cleavage
Term
Blastocoel
Definition
The fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the blastula embryo
Term
Blastula
Definition
The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development
Term
Yolk
Definition
Nutrients stored in an egg
Term
Vegetal Pole
Definition
The portion of the egg where most yolk is concentrated
Term
Animal Pole
Definition
The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated
Term
Gray crescent
Definition
A light-gray region of cytoplasm located near the equator of the egg on the side opposite the sperm entry
Term
Meroblastic Cleavage
Definition
Incomplete division of yolk-rich egg, characteristic of avian development
Term
Holoblastic Cleavage
Definition
Complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (seaurchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog)
Term
Blastoderm
Definition
An embryonic cap of dividing cells resting on a large undivided yolk
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
The formation of a gastrula from a blastula
Term
Gastrula
Definition
The 3 layered, cup shaped embryonic stage
Term
Germ Layers
Definition
3 main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye
Term
Endoderm
Definition
The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embroys; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
The middle primary germ layer of an eraly embryo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system
Term
Invagination
Definition
The in folding of cells
Term
Archenteron
Definition
The endodermlined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal
Term
Blastopore
Definition
The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes
Term
Dorsal Lip
Definition
The dorsal side of the blastopore
Term
Involution
Definition
Cells rolling over the edge of the lip of the blastopore into the interior of the embryo during gastrulation
Term
Yolk Plug
Definition
Large food-laden endodermal cells surrounded by the blastopore of an amphibian gastrula
Term
Primitive Streak
Definition
A groove on the surface of an early avian embryo along the future long axis of the body
Term
Organogenesis
Definition
The development of organ rudiments from the three germ layers
Term
Notochord
Definition
A longitudinal, flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of an animal's body in thefuture position of the vertebral column
Term
Neural Tube
Definition
A tube of cells running along the dorsal axis of the body, just dorsal to the notochord; it will give rise to the central nervous system
Term
Neural Crest
Definition
A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system
Term
Somites
Definition
Paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo
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