small gland connected to hypothalamus

controlled by hypothalamus

master gland because it regulates a lot

ADH is secreted here

above kidneys

adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

conteolled by hypothalamus

hormones increase during stress

reduce inflammation and immune response

inner portion of adrenal gland

makes epinepherine and norepinepherine

outer portion of the adrenal glands

makes mineral glucacorticoids and cortisol

noradrenaline

involved in short term fight or flight stress responses.

increases blood volume and pressure

made by adrenal cortex

made by adrenal cortex

cause metabolism of protein and fats converting them to glucose

made by adrenal cortex

in people with high stress

in the brain

makes melatonin hormone which is involved in circadian rythms

brain and spinal cord in vertebrates

sensory input leads to the CNS where they are integrated

motor signals to muscles and glands origionate in the CNS

sensory and motor naurons that carry signals to and from CNS

axons here can possibly regrow

neurons are arranged into nerves

on long axons in vertebrates

formed by schwann cells in PNS

has nodes of ranvier (gaps)

insulates and maintains axon and increases impulse speed

method of transmission of info by neurons

this is the fastest way for an animal to maintain homeostasis

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of a neuron

measured in mV (1/1000 of V)

potential difference of a neuron at rest (-65 to -70 mV)

outside is positive and inside negative

overall negative is due to large proteins

maintained by sodium potassium pump

rapid change of polarization across plasma membrane when a nervous impluse occurs. travels as a wave

depolarization, repolarization, refractory period

transmit impulse across synaphses to recieving neuron, muscle, or gland

stored in synaptic vesicles

when an impulse reaches the axon bulb, the vesicles fuse with the membrane and neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft

tranquilizers, hyptnotics, anastetics, alcohol

increases threshold

caffiene

decreases threshold

respond to chemical stimuli

taste, small, blood composition

light receptors in compound eyes

each has own lens

in lots of arthropods

photoreceptor sensitive to light used for night vision

black and white

heat detectors used to form heat imaging of warm blooded prey

in some snakes (pit viper)

detect electric field given off by prey

in sharks, rays, coelocanths, bony fish, duck billed platypus

detect earth's magnetif field for navigational puroises

in birds and some bacteria.

many in vertebrates

navigation using sound waves

in most bats, toothed wales, some insectivores, and some birds

fluid held under pressure in a body cavity

in many invertebrates (annelid worms)

hard internal skeleton

in many sponges, echinoderms, chordates

midline of body

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

allows movemet in all planes

(femur, hip)

permits movement in one direction only

(elbow)

allows rotation only

(between axix and atlas vertebre)

supports body

allows for movement

maintains body temp with contraction

contraction moves blood in veins and lymph

role of joints

a point a lever moves about

in muscle fibers

contractile unit of muscle

made of sarcomeres

makes up myofibril

have 2 kinds of fillaments myosin (thick) and actin (thin)

extend between Z lines

muscle is stimulated to move from nervous impulse origionating in the brain or spinal cord. it travels to a motor neuron to this junction

the contact point between a muscle fiber and a neuron

special endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells

releases calcium as the impulse comes from the T tubules to this area

everything an organism is exposed to

has abiotic and biotic components

major ecosystem type

aquatic is 75%

terestrial is 25%

individguals behave in a way to help species as a whole

not true

study of behavior in an experimental context

behavorial ecology

ecologists came up with a fixed action pattern triggered by a sign stimulus. these are innate and instinctive behavior

many animals can lean to associate one stimulus with another

pavlovs dog

interaction between two or more animals

most species are not social

sociobiology, eusocial insects

ants, some bees, some wasps, termites, mole rats

only have a single breeding female, the queen.

there are different casts like workers, soldiers, queen

coexistance of individguals of different generations

each group has a birth rate (fecundity) and death rate

time between birth and production of first offspring,

in general the larger the species the longer the generation tim

shows numbers of individguals survuving to a certian life span

traits that affect reproduction and survivorship varies among species and within species over history

food, water, living space are limited resulting in a trade of between survival and reproduction

organisms that save energy to reproduct just once

produce large number of offspring and have short lives but there are exceptions like salmon

organisms that reproduct many times over their life

produce few offspring

competition for resources increases with increasing population density

factors affecting this are weather and natural catastorphies

species richness

relative abundance of species

number of species

decreases as going away from mainland when on islands

between species

effects species evolution

can have positive, negative, or neurtal effects on population density

species resemble eachother

batesian, mullerian

natural or from human activity

have a major effect on communities

study of disturbance of a species and communities

founded by wallace

base level

all are photosynthetic or make their own food

ex: photoplankton

how primary productivity is measured

weight of vegetation or other producers added to ecosystem per unit area per unit time

rate consumers convert chemical energy in their food into their own new biomass

much energy is lost during incorporation

percent energy transfered from one trophic level to another

this is highly variable

lakes filled with algae or aquatic plants

the abundance is caused by fertilizer run off