Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 197 section 3 lecture 3
nutrition digestion absorption and excretion
116
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/28/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
all animals are
Definition
heterotrophs
Term
herbivores
Definition
eat autotrophs such as plants and algae
Term
carnivores
Definition
eat other animals
Term
omnivores
Definition
eat a combination of animal and plant or algal matter
Term
detritivores
Definition
eat organic matter from dead organisms
Term
glucose regulation
Definition
maintains ATP synthesis
Term
excess glucose
Definition
is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
Term
when not enough glucose is taken in
Definition
glycogen is broken down
Term
undernourishment
Definition
when an organism' diet is chronically deficient in Calories
Term
Overnourishment
Definition
when an organism' diet is excessive in Caloric intake
Term
obesity
Definition
is now a global health problem
- evolution of cravings
- leptin
Term
essential nutrients
Definition
materials that must be obtained in a preassembled form because the animal cells cannot make them from raw materials
Term
malnourishment
Definition
occurs when a diet is missing one or more essential nutrients
Term
essential amino acids
Definition
animals require 20 amino acids to synthesize proteins, but most animals can only make half of those amino acids on their own
Term
humans have how many amino acids
Definition
eight (with a ninth, histidine, essential for infants)
Term
animal products
Definition
are most reliable source
Term
essential fatty acids
Definition
certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make on their own
Term
humans require
Definition
lineoleic acid in order to make phospholipds for cell membranes
Term
vitamins
Definition
organic molecules required in diet in very small amounts
Term
scurvy
Definition
degeneration of skin, teeth and blood vessels
result from vitamin c deficiency
Term
minerals
Definition
inorganic molecules required in the diet
Term
macronutrients
Definition
elements needed in large amounts
Term
micronutrients
Definition
elements needed in trace amounts
Term
ingestion
Definition
the act of eating
Term
digestion
Definition
the process of breaking food particles down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
Term
how would an iron deficiency affect breathing
Definition
lack of blood cells due to lack of oxygen
Term
absorption
Definition
uptake of small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars) by cells
Term
elimination
Definition
passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
Term
suspension feeders
Definition
sift small food particles from water (baleen whales)
Term
substrate feeders
Definition
live in or on their food source (many insects larvae)
Term
fluid feeders
Definition
suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host (mosquitos)
Term
bulk feeders
Definition
eat relatively large pieces of food (lions, pythons)
Term
matter that is low in energy is eaten by
Definition
herbivores
Term
herbivores have
Definition
specialized grinding, rasping, cutting, and or shredding mouth parts
Term
matter that is high in energy is eaten by
Definition
carnivores
Term
carnivores must
Definition
detect, capture and kill their prey (usually)
Term
radula
Definition
a toothy, tongue-like ribbon used by mollusks to scrape food
jawless fish to scrape food
Term
mandibles
Definition
appendages used by many arthropods to grasp, crush, or cut food
pentures
Term
gizzard
Definition
muscular portion of the gut that contains small stones (or grains of sand) used to grind food
inside the gut of a bird
Term
teeth
Definition
small calcified structures used by many vertebrates to break down food
humans
Term
mammalian teeth
Definition
have a 3-layered structure
are specialized for different functions
Term
enamel
Definition
hard material covering the crown
Term
dentine
Definition
bony material inside the crown and root
Term
pulp cavity
Definition
contains blod vessels, nerves
Term
incisors
Definition
used for cutting
Term
canines
Definition
used for ripping and tearing
Term
premolars
Definition
used for shearing
Term
molars
Definition
used for grinding
Term
gastrovascular cavity
Definition
digestive pouch with a single opening
Term
complete digestive tract *alimentary canal)
Definition
a digestive tube connecting two openings, a mouth and an anus
Term
extracellular digestion
Definition
the breakdown of food outside of cells
Term
mechanical
Definition
breakdown of food using hydrolytic enzymes
(saliva, stomach acid)
Term
intracellular digestion
Definition
the breakdown of food of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes inside of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes
Term
mechanical digestion
Definition
chewing, swallowing, esophagus, lower esophogeal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocaecal sphincter, anal sphincter
Term
saliva
Definition
contains hydrolytic enzymes
Term
stomach
Definition
acids hydrolyze bonds in food particles
Term
chief cells
Definition
secrete pepsin which digest protein
Term
parietal cells
Definition
secrete HCI
Term
mucus is
Definition
secreted to protect cells lining the stomach from digestive enzymes and acids
Term
most chemical digestion occurs in the
Definition
small intestine
Term
liver
Definition
synthesizes bite salts from cholesterol and secretes them as bile
Term
bile is stored in the
Definition
gallbladder
Term
bile dust
Definition
transfers nile from the gallbladder to the duodenum of the small intestine
Term
pancreas
Definition
large gland that lies just behind and below the stomach
Term
most absorption of digested food (90%) occurs in
Definition
the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine
Term
villi
Definition
tiny projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
Term
micovilli
Definition
microscopic projects from villi that increase the surface area of cell membranes available for absorption
Term
absorption occurs many different ways
Definition
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, co-transport
Term
nutrients absorbed in the small intestine go to the
Definition
liver via the hepatic portal vein
Term
water and ions are
Definition
absorbed by the large intestine (colon)
Term
neurons coordinate
Definition
actions through the digestive tract
Term
secretin
Definition
causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Term
gastrin
Definition
stimulates the stomach to secrete digestive enzymes and to move
Term
absorptive state
Definition
food is in the gut and is being absorbed
Term
post-absorptive state
Definition
no food is in the gut
Term
metabolism is
Definition
continuous, so animals in a post-absorptive state use energy reserves
Term
lipoproteins
Definition
move fats from sites of storage to sites of use
Term
high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Definition
good lipoproteins move cholesterol from the tissues to the liver
Term
low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Definition
bad lipoproteins transport cholesterol for biosynthesis and storage
Term
very low density lipoproteins (VLDs)
Definition
very bad lipoproteins that transport triglycerides to adipose tissues
Term
lnsulin
Definition
directs glucose to where it will be used or stored
Term
glucagon
Definition
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream
Term
leptin
Definition
hormone produced by fat cells that curbs appetite
morbidly obese people often do not produce leptin, or do not have functional leptin receptors
Term
insulin also
Definition
helps control appetite
Term
excretory systems
Definition
maintain volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluids
osmosis controls water content of cells
Term
excretory systems of many animals use three different processes
Definition
filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
Term
extracellular fluid is
Definition
filtered so that it contains no cells or macromolecules
Term
salt and water balance is
Definition
influenced by environment
Term
terrestrial animals must
Definition
conserve salts and water because both can be rare
Term
marine animals have
Definition
an abundance of salt, but must combat water loss to their environment as a result of osmosis
Term
freshwater animals have an
Definition
abundance of water but not salts
Term
carbohydrates and fats are
Definition
metabolized to water and carbon dioxide that are relatively easy to eliminate
Term
catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids
Definition
produce nitrogenous wastes (as well as water and carbon dioxide) that must be eliminated
Term
ammonia
Definition
the most common nitrogenous waste because it is highly soluble in water and diffuses easily, but is toxic
Term
urea
Definition
non toxic form of nitrogenous waste
-excretion can result in a lot of water loss
Term
uric acid
Definition
also non toxic, forms a colloidal suspension in urine, but its excretion loses very little water
Term
protonephridia
Definition
excretory organ of a flatworm consists of a tubule and a flame cell
Term
metanephridia
Definition
paired excretory organs of annelids
Term
malpighian tubules
Definition
a series of tubles used by insects as a highly effective way of excreting nitrogenous wastes with very little water loss
Term
kidney
Definition
the main excretory organ of vertebrates
Term
nephron
Definition
the functional unit of the kidney
tubules and blood vessels
Term
filtration
Definition
each nephron has a ball of capillaries called a glomerulus that filters blood
Term
tubular reabsorption
Definition
filtrate from the glomerulus flows into the renal tubule and is modified as ions, nutrients and water are reabsorbed into the blood stream
Term
tubular secretion
Definition
filtrate in renal tubule is further modified until it can be excreted
Term
bowman's capsule is located
Definition
at the beginning of the renal tubule and encloses the glomerular capillaries
Term
podocytes
Definition
cells of bowman's capsule that are in direct contact with the glomerular capillaries
Term
renal tubule
Definition
convers glomerular filtrate into unrine
Term
urine that is excreted is
Definition
much more concentrated than the extracellular fluid that was initially filtered
Term
the kidney is the
Definition
organ that filters blood, processes filtrate into urine, releases urine
Term
proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
filters most of the glomerular filtrate
Term
loops of henle
Definition
makes the urine more concentrated by means of countercurrent multipiers
Term
distal convoluted tubule
Definition
the top end of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
Term
collecting duct
Definition
distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join and empty into the renal pelvis
Term
kidneys produce
Definition
urine, maintain acid-base balance, and osmoregulate the body fluids of an organism
Term
kidney failure results
Definition
in retention of salts and water, and a decrease in ph, and can result in death
Term
kidney failure can be
Definition
treated via dialysis, or in extreme cases, by kidney transplant
Supporting users have an ad free experience!