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Biology 151
Shannon
36
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2009

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Term
Respiration yields ____ times more ATP/glucose than does fermentation
Definition
19
Term
Inhibition of enzyme activity
Definition

1- normal binding

 2-competitive inhibition

3- noncompetitive inhibition

Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
a competitive inhibitor mimics the substrate competing for the active site
Term
noncompetitive inhibition
Definition
a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme away from the active site, altering the conformation of the enzyme so that its active site no longer functions properly
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
noncompetitive inhibition with allosteric enzymes
Term
redox reaction
Definition
reaction in which there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
Term
glycolysis
Definition
occurs in cytoplasm 6-carbon glucose makes two 3-carbon pyruvates +ATP+NADH
Term
Krebs cycle
Definition
occurs in mitochondrion matrix pyruvate makes CO2 + ATP +NADH and FADH2
Term
oxidative phophorylation
Definition
occurs in membrane of mitochondrion electrons + O2 yield ATP + H2O
Term
Glycolysis key points (5)
Definition

initial steps require ATP

 Later steps produce more ATP than used

Produces NADH

Final product of 1 6-carbon glucose is 2 3-carbon pyruvates

 YIELDS 2ATP and 2NADH

Term
Important Kreb Cycle facts (5)
Definition

Acetyl-CoA adds its 2 carbon to a 4 carbon chain making a 6 carbon molecule

the 6 carbon molecule is 'first' component to Kreb Cycle

 reaction of Krebs cycle takes 6-carbon molecule and produces the 4-carbon again

the two lost carbons form CO2

 Twice through Kreb Cycle yields- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Term
2 steps of ATP synthase
Definition

1- H+ diffusion thought channel in ATP synthase spins channel proteins

2- Deformation of proteins catalyzes synthesis of ATP

Term
NAD+
Definition
can accept electrons and acts as electron carrier in the electron transport chain.
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
energy coupling mechanism, uses energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. (synthesis of ATP)
Term
acetyl CoA
Definition
the entry compound for the citric acid cycle formed from a fragment of of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Term
activation energy
Definition
the energy required to make a reaction happen
Term
active site
Definition
specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
Term
substrate
Definition
the reactant on which an enzyme works
Term
cofactors
Definition
any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
Term
coenzyme
Definition
an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Example - vitamins
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site
Term
cooperativity
Definition
a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein cause by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.
Term
fermentation
Definition
catabolic process that makes a limited amount at ATP form glucose without an electron transport chain
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for production of ATP
Term
oxidation
Definition
loss of electrons from a substances involved in a redox reaction
Term
reduction
Definition
the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
the electron acceptor in a redox reaction
Term
reducing agent
Definition
the electron donor in a redox reaction
Term
substrate-level phosphorylation
Definition
the formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferrin a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Term
cytochromes
Definition
an iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
a complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port for which protons diffuse
Term
proton-motive force
Definition
the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
Term
alcohol fermentation
Definition
glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide to ethyl alcohol
Term
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide
Term
facultative anaerobes
Definition
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not.
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