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biology 1307 exam 1
18, 19, 20
137
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/16/2016

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Term
genome
Definition
complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
Term
gene
Definition
a hereditary unit of DNA; a discrete unit for genetic coding
Term
allele
Definition
an alternative form of a gene, seen phenotypically
Term
genomics
Definition
study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species
Term
human genome project
Definition
fostered development of cheaper, more efficient techniques by looking at every single human gene and mapping out the entire nucleotide sequence
Term
1990-2006
Definition
when did the human genome project start and end
Term
goal of the human genome project
Definition
to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of each chromosome - accomplished by using sequencing machines
Term
whole-genome shotgun approach
Definition
procedure for genome sequencing in which the genome is randomly cut into many short overlapping segments that are sequenced; software then assembles the complete sequence.
Term
metagenomics
Definition
collection and sequencing of DNA from a group of species, usually an environmental sample of microorganisms
Term
bioinformatics
Definition
use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets
Term
to centralize resources for analyzing genome sequences
Definition
What is the major goal of bioinformatics?
Term
BLAST
Definition
software that allows the visitor to compare DNA sequences with every sequence in GenBank
Term
GenBank
Definition
NCBI database of sequences containing 159 million fragments of genomic DNA, totaling 184 billion base pairs
Term
1) understanding the functions of protein-coding genes
2) understanding genes and gene expression at the system level
Definition
2 questions that bioinformatics researchers ask
Term
ENCODE
Definition
Encyclopedia of DNA elements -- focused intensely on 1% of the human genome and attempted to learn all they could about functionally important elements in that sequence
Term
system biology
Definition
approach aiming to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of interactions among the system's parts
Term
proteomics
Definition
systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes
Term
non-protein-coding DNA
Definition
sequences of DNA that do not encode protein sequences but can be transcribed to produce important regulatory molecules
Term
intron
Definition
non-coding DNA
Term
exon
Definition
coding DNA
Term
repetitive dna
Definition
DNA that do not typically code for proteins
Term
psuedogenes
Definition
similar to real genes but do not code for proteins
Term
transposable element
Definition
a segment of dna that can move within the genome of a cell by means of DNA and RNA intermediates
Term
Barbara McClintock
Definition
first to propose the idea of mobile genetic elements after observing variegations in corn kernel color. Received Nobel Prize in 1983
Term
transposons
Definition
transposable element that moves within a genome by means of DNA intermediate
Term
retrotransposons
Definition
transposable element that moves within the genome by means of a RNA intermediate
Term
ALU elements
Definition
large transposable elements found in humans and other primates. Related DNA consists of a family of similar sequences
Term
10%
Definition
% of human genome do ALU elements compose
Term
STR
Definition
series of repeats with units containing 2-5 nucleotides
Term
genetic profile
Definition
an individuals unique set of genetic markers, detected most often by PCR
Term
multigene families
Definition
collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin
Term
mutation
Definition
basis of change at the genomic level, underlying much of genome evolution
Term
4 types of mutation
Definition
deletion, insertion, substitution, and duplication
Term
polyloidy
Definition
result of an accident in meiosis: one or more extra sets of chromosomes
Term
domain (in regards to proteins)
Definition
a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions
Term
exon shuffling
Definition
occasional mixing and matching of different exons either within a gene or between two different genes owing to errors in meiotic recombination
Term
How transposable elements shape a genome over evolutionary time
Definition
1. Promote recombination
2. disrupt cellular genes or control elements
3. carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations
Term
what it means to say a gene sequence has been highly conserved
Definition
when comparing distantly related species, gene sequence has remained similar
Term
FOXP2 gene
Definition
an allele of this gene has been identified as involved in language development in humans.

mutation causes delay of learning to speak leading to language disorder.
Term
SNPs
Definition
single nucleotide substitutions of one base for another. Must be present in 1% of population. Occur throughout human genome
Term
Evo-devo
Definition
field that unites embryology, ecology and genetics.
Term
homeobox
Definition
180 base pair segment of DNA found in certain homeotic genes; regulates the expressions of other genes and thus controls large-scale developmental processes.
Term
true
Definition
evolution can be observed and tested
Term
behavior adaptation
Definition
Male turtles wiggling their claws in front of female turtles
Term
alfred wallace
Definition
Which of these naturalists synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?
Term
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes
Definition
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its nck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in corresponding this student's misconception?
Term
gene flow
Definition
Genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations is
Term
1. A change occurs in the environment
2. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship
3. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals
4. Genetic frequencies within the population change
Definition
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?
Term
false
Definition
Macroevolution and microevolution are both a genetic change in a species over time
Term
choose which organism to breed, and which do not
Definition
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to....
Term
natural selection
Definition
Which of the evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations?
Term
mutations
Definition
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, know as _____ are be ultimate source of new alleles.
Term
uniformitarianism
Definition
With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophismmost in conflict?
Term
intersexual selection
Definition
In this type of sexual selections, individuals of one sex (usually female) are choosy in selection mates
Term
speciation
Definition
The formation of new species is termed ______
Term
the biological species concept defines a species
Definition
As a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?
Term
reduced hybrid fertility
Definition
Two species that sometimes mate and produce vigorous but sterile offspring are separated by
Term
ecological
Definition
A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations are to separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing?
Term
allopatric
Definition
The geographic isolation of a population for other members and the subsequent evolution of reproductive barriers between it and the parent species describes _____ speciation.
Term
geographic isolation
Definition
A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is _______.
Term
false
Definition
evolution can make a perfect organism
Term
bacteria
Definition
which of the following is a domain?
Term
Polyploidy........habitat differentiation and sexual selection
Definition
Sympatric speciation commonly occurs through ___ in plants, but is more likely to occur through ____ in animals.
Term
mushrooms
Definition
Which of the following is an organism found inn the Kingdom Fungi?
Term
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Definition
Which of the following is the correct taxonomical hierarchy (from broad to specific)?
Term
true
Definition
It is important to learn about evolution because of its role in human diseases and medicines.
Term
paleontology
Definition
The scientific study of fossils is
Term
biodiversity
Definition
The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is termed
Term
uniformitarianism
Definition
The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time is
Term
vestigial
Definition
A _____ structure is a historical remnant of structures that had important functions in ancestors
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
The type of genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as a natural disaster or humans actions, which in turns decreases genetic variation is the _____
Term
natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
Definition
Which of the following can alter allele frequencies in a population?
Term
evolution
Definition
The unifying theme in biology
Term
Supported by, and make sense of many observations
Definition
Which of the following statements best describes theories?
Term
descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics
Definition
Which of the following statements would darwin have disagreed with
Term
natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organisms fitness
Definition
Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false?
Term
it is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi
Definition
Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies?
Term
biogeography
Definition
Which of the following disciplines has found evidence for evolution based on the native distributions (locations) of living species?
Term
bones in the flipper of a whale
Definition
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
Term
false
Definition
Evolution is about the origin of life
Term
there is no gene flow with the surrounding population
Definition
Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinburg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of sexually reproducing species?
Term
allele frequency cannot be determined from this information
Definition
You sample a population of butterflies and find that 42% are heterozygous at a particular locus (location of gene). What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?
Term
(480+360+360=1200)/2000=.6
Definition
In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people, tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genotype BB. What is the frequency of the B allele?
Term
population
Definition
group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Term
2pq
Definition
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of heterozygote individuals in a population is equal to
Term
artificial selection
Definition
The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits is
Term
natural selection
Definition
which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations?
Term
George Cuvier
Definition
French scientist that developed paleontology and advocated catastrophism was
Term
reduced hybrid viability
Definition
two species that occasionally mate and produce zygotes, but the zygote has incompatible genes that prevent the resulting embryo from developing, are separated by
Term
polyploids
Definition
organisms that possess more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes are said to be
Term
an area has a high number of species that exploit most of the available ecological opportunities
Definition
Which of the following would tend to promote adaptive radiation?
Term
gradualism
Definition
in the _____ model, fossils appear to have diverged gradually over long periods of time
Term
most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, and then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.
Definition
according to the punctuated equilibrium model,
Term
true
Definition
evolution of drug-resistant HIV is one direct observation for the occurrence evolution
Term
study of life
Definition
what is biology
Term
descent with modification
Definition
Darwin's term for evolution combining the ideas that all living things are related and that organisms have changed over time.
Term
Aristotle
Definition
came up with the idea of scala naturae
Term
scala naturae
Definition
idea that organisms are unchanging and range from simple to complex; no extinction, no new species, no variation; idea that developed before world exploration and discovery of fossils
Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition
who came up with Binomial nomenclature, developed first successful system for classifying living things into similar groups, still used today
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
classification system in which species is assigned a two-part scientific name
Term
scottish geologist who advocated gradualism (earth's physical features gradually changed due to slow geological processes)
Definition
What is James Hutton known for?
Term
Definition
Were Jean Baptiste de Lamarck's ideas accurate?
Term
Essay on population that argued human population would always increase faster than food supply
Definition
What was Thomas Malthus known for? How did he influence Charles Darwin?
Term
catastrophism
Definition
principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than those operating today
Term
Charles Lyell
Definition
wrote principles of geology; established the doctrine of uniformitarianism
Term
Definition
Name of the ship Charles Darwin was the naturalist on with the Captain Fitzroy? Mission?
Term
adaptations
Definition
inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific environments
Term
Definition
types of adaptations
Term
The Origin of species, explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce
Definition
name of the book Charles Darwin wrote?
Term
MRSA
Definition
A strain of bacterium which has evolved resistance to most antibiotics by the process of natural selection. Overuse of antibiotics and failure to complete the course makes resistance more likely to evolve.
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages
Term
endemic species
Definition
referring to a species thats confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area
Term
continental drift
Definition
slow movement of earths plates across the planets surface
Term
specific epithet
Definition
2nd element in latin binomial name of a species
Term
Definition
How do we link classification with systematics?
Term
phylogenic tree
Definition
shows inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities, based upon similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics
Term
branch point, sister taxa, basil taxa polygamy
Definition
how do you read a phylogenic tree?
Term
branch point
Definition
A single metabolite that is an intermediate in two or more biosynthetic pathways
Term
sister taxa
Definition
any taxa derived from a common ancestral node
Term
basal taxon
Definition
a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group
Term
cladistics
Definition
approach to systematics in which common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
Term
clade
Definition
a monophyletic group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
Term
monophyletic clade
Definition
taxon, (group of organisms) consists of ancestral species and its descendants.
Term
polyphyletic clade
Definition
a non-clade group in which some members have different ancestors
Term
paraphyletic clade
Definition
non-clade group which consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants
Term
shared ancestral character
Definition
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
Term
shared derived character
Definition
a character that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
Term
ingroup
Definition
evolutionary relationships we seek to determine from species or group of species
Term
outgroup
Definition
a species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the species we are studying
Term
molecular clock
Definition
the concept that some genes evolve at constant rates, and which is used to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
Term
Differences rate for different genes are a function of how important a gene is. Researchers have used this to date the origins of HIV infections in humans
Definition
how are molecular clocks used?
Term
archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
Definition
What are the three domains we use today?
Term
horizontal gene transfer
Definition
process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusions of organisms
Term
The sequence of branching in a tree does not necessarily indicate the actual absolute ages of particular species.
We should not assume that it Texon on a phylogenic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.
Definition
what can we learn and not learn from phylogenic trees
Term
maze
whale meat
Definition
what are some practical applications to using phylogenies
Term
Homology-phenotypic and genetic similarities do to shared ancestry
Anology-similarities do to convergent evolution rather than common discent
Definition
compare and contrast homology with analogy
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