Term
| Specialized to secrete lubricants, adhesives, and odorous/poisonous substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protects underlying tissues and has specialized sensory or respiratory functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective shell secreted by the outer epithelium of invertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does mammalian skin include? |
|
Definition
1. Hair
2. Claws or nails
3. Sweat glands
4. Oil glands
5. Sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| Forms an insulating layer that helps maintain constant body temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protects the body from the outer environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most superficial layer of skin consisting of dead cells filled with keratin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Stratum Corneum consist of? |
|
Definition
| Dead cells filled with keratin |
|
|
Term
| Insoluble protein that gives mechanical strength to skin and reduces water loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsible for waterproofing the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of protein is keratin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are stem cells located in skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue that holds the epidermis onto the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the skin that rests on a layer of subcutaneous tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also known as the hypodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Stratum Corneum & Stratus Basale |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of tissue in skin from superficial to deep? |
|
Definition
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Basale
3. Dermis
4. Subcutaneous Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Supports and protects the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmits mechanical forces generated by muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid is in a closed body compartment that transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal system found in soft-bodied invertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of circular contractile fibers ________ the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of circular longitudinal fibers ________ the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeleton that s characteristic of mollusks and arthropods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arthropods must ____ to grow new exoskeletons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most numerous animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arthropod skeletons are composed mainly of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletons that consist of living tissue capable of growing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endoskeletons are found only in _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are vertebrates? |
|
Definition
1. Fish
2. Amphibians
3. Reptiles
4. Birds
5. Mammals |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. Rib cage
4. Sternum |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the appendicular skeleton? |
|
Definition
1. Limbs
2. Pectoral girdle
3. Pelvic girdle |
|
|
Term
| Develop from cartilage templates during endochondral development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Develop from noncartilage connective tissue model by intramembraneous bone development. |
|
Definition
| Other bones (Such as flat bones of the skull) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that break down bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone cells maintain calcium levels? |
|
Definition
| Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| Junction of two or more bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue bands that connect bones and limit movement in joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sutures of the skull are _________ joints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joints between vertebrae are _________ joints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enclosed by a joint capsule lined with a membrane that secretes synovial fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freely movable joints contain ________ fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The contraction of muscles is caused by the _______ of a muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles move body parts by _____ them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac |
|
|
Term
| What do muscles pull on to move body parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulls bone towards or away from the bone from which it articulates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles act ________ to one another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that produces a particular action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that produces opposite movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles are made up of hundreds of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle fiber consists of _________. |
|
Definition
| Myofibrils & Myofilaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of skeletal muscle from large to small. |
|
Definition
1. Muscle
2. Muscle fiber
3. Myofibril
4. Myofilaments
5. Sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| What causes the striations in skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| Overlapping proteins (actin & myosin filaments) |
|
|
Term
| Contractile unit of actin and myosin filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actin is _____ & myosin filaments are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarcomeres use _____ to shorten. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immediate energy source for muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides energy to "cock" myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immediate energy source compound that runs out fast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fuel stored in muscle fibers as a long-term energy source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of a whole muscle depends on what factors? |
|
Definition
1. Number of muscle fibers contracting
2. Tension developed in each fiber |
|
|
Term
| All skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by a single motor neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Messages from the brain activate motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more motor units _______, the stronger the contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated by a brief electrical stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two twitches add together when a second stimulus is received before the first contraction is complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth sustained contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Series of seperate stimuli timed close together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will cause tetanus to end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| State of partial contraction in muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in neuron signaling? |
|
Definition
1. Reception of information
2. Transmission by an afferent neuron
3. Integration by interneurons
4. Transmission by an efferent neuron
5. Action by effectors |
|
|
Term
| Brings information from the PNS to the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brings information from the CNS to the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interneurons are in the ________ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent neurons carry information to _________ or ________. |
|
Definition
Other neurons
An effector |
|
|
Term
| Effectors are _______ & _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest portion of the neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short, highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli and send signals to the cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or a muscle or gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur between successive schwann cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wrap their plasma membranes around the axon forming an insulating covering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical signals that transmit information along axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electrical signals in neurons are called ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane of a resting neuron is _________. |
|
Definition
| Polarized (also called resting potential) |
|
|
Term
| The inner surface of a neuron's plasma membrane is ___________ charged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes an action potential? |
|
Definition
| Depolarization spike(from positive ions flowing in) |
|
|
Term
| Junction between two neurons (or between a neuron and an effector) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most synapses are _________, but some are ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inside neurons, messages are ________, between neurons, messages are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of summing EPSP and IPSP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Several presynaptic neurons synapses with one postsynaptic neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single presynaptic neuron synapses with many postsynaptic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nerve ring with nerves extending to various parts of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Echinoderms typically have a _________ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve cells concentrate to form nerves, nerve cords, ganglia, and a brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chordates have a _________ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nervous system with an increased number of interneurons and more complex synaptic contacts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes the brain and dorsal or tubular spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Includes sensory receptors and nerves. |
|
Definition
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| In the development of the vertebrate nervous system, the forebrain becomes the __________, the midbrain becomes _________, and the hindbrain becomes _________. |
|
Definition
Wrinkled portion of brain
Inner brain
Pons |
|
|
Term
| Transmits impulses to and from the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmits info to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmits info from the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the nervous system that controls many reflex actions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains nuclei that serve as reflex centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is grey matter found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The white matter in the spinal cord contains ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gray matter in the spinal cord contains ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital |
|
|
Term
| The primary motor area of the brain is located where? |
|
Definition
| Between the frontal lobe and the central sulcus. |
|
|
Term
| The somato-sensory area of the brain is located where? |
|
Definition
| Between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus. |
|
|
Term
| Receive stimuli from the outside environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The five senses are ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detect changes within the body such as change in pH, osmotic pressure, body temperature, and chemical composition of the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors that respond to heat and cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sense differences in electrical potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some _______ can detect Earth's magnetic field. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sense mechanical, temperature, and other damaging stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sense touch, pressure, gravity, stretching, and movement (hearing). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respond to certain chemical compounds (taste and smell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transduce light energy in eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors for hearing are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hair cells in the cochlea are what type of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste buds are ______ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory epithelium are ______ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different chemoreceptors in taste buds? |
|
Definition
1. Umami
2. Sweet
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Salty |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest family of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are photoreceptors located at in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What colors can the cones of the human eye detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neural pathway of vision crosses over at the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neural pathway of vision in the brain is ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side of vision goes to what side of the brain? |
|
Definition
1. Right side vision of each eye goes to the right side of the brain
2. Left side vision of each eye goes to the left side of the brain |
|
|
Term
| How internal transport occurs in small, simple invertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How internal transport occurs in larger animals. |
|
Definition
| Specialized circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Blood, heart, and blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Tissue fluid between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brings oxygen and nutrients in contact with cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ________ circulatory system is found in arthropods and most mollusks. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An open area that bathes the tissue in blood directly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemocoels are found in ______ circulatory systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulatory system found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. |
|
Definition
| Closed circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
| Blood flows through a continuous circuit of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| Closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| What does the heart pump blood into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vertebrate circulatory system transport? |
|
Definition
Nutrients
Oxygen
Wastes
Hormones |
|
|
Term
| What does the vertebrate circulatory system help maintain? |
|
Definition
Fluid balance
pH
Body Temperature |
|
|
Term
| What does the vertebrate circulatory system defend against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fluid component of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water and Salts
Substances in transport
Plasma Proteins |
|
|
Term
| What plasma proteins are in plasma? |
|
Definition
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What part of blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of blood that produces hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red pigment in blood that binds with oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemoglobin made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives blood its red color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of blood that defends body against disease organisms. |
|
Definition
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What are the agranular white blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the granular white blood cells? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patch damaged blood vessels by releasing substances essential for blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms long threads that make up the webbing of a clot in blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during blood clotting? |
|
Definition
1. Damaged cells and platelets release substance that activates prothrombin.
2. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
4. Fibrin makes up the webbing of the clot |
|
|
Term
| Carry blood away from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Return blood to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located between arteries and capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulates blood pressure and the distribution of blood to tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ can constrict (vasoconstriction) or dilate (vasodilation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin-walled exchange vessels that allow material to transfer between blood and tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small vessels that directly link arterioles to venules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opens and closes to regulate blood flow to either the metarteriole or the capillary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the heart that receives blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the heart that sends blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has one atrium and one ventricle with a single circuit of blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what level of organism is there no longer a single circuit of blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has two atria and one ventricle in which blood flows in a double circuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has two atria and two ventricles with a wall that partly divided the ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has four-chambered hearts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevents backflow of blood in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular(AV)valve(tricuspid valve) |
|
|
Term
| Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Guards the exits from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joins cardiac muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node (Pacemaker) |
|
|
Term
| What coordinates heartbeats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart contraction occurs during ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart relaxation occurs during ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cardiac cycle is from ________ to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes low-pitched "lub" sound at the beginning of ventricular systole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes short, loud "dup" sound at the beginning of ventricular diastole. |
|
Definition
| Closing of the semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stroke volume X Heart Rate |
|
|
Term
| Stroke volume depends on what factors? |
|
Definition
1. Venous return
2. Neural messages and hormones (especially epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| What is Starling's Law of the Heart? |
|
Definition
| The more blood delivered to the heart by the veins, the more blood the heart pumps |
|
|
Term
| Heart is regulated by ___________ & influenced by ____________. |
|
Definition
The nervous system
Hormones and Body Temperature |
|
|
Term
| The force blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Pressure is greatest in the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure decreases as blood flows through the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does blood pressure depend on? |
|
Definition
cardiac output
blood volume
resistance to blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Caused by blood viscosity and friction between blood and the blood vessel walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood flow X Peripheral Resistance |
|
|
Term
| Senses increases in blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do baroreceptors send messages to? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac and vasomotor centers n the medulla of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates parasympathetic (vagal) nerves that slow heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibits sympathetic nerves that constrict blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that raises blood pressure by causing the constriction of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that helps regulate salt excretion which affects blood volume and blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Angiotension II and Aldosterone produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects heart and tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood in pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
1. From right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.
2. Through pulmonary capillaries in the lung
3. Returns by pulmonary vein to left atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood in systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
1. Left ventricle to the aorta
2. Aorta branches into arteries
3. Through capillary networks within organs
4. From veins to superior vena cava or inferior vena cava
5. Returns to right atrium |
|
|
Term
| Blood in veins moves up the body in _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplies the heart muscle with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulates nutrient-rich blood through the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collects interstitial fluid and returns it to blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important in homeostasis of fluids and defending the body against disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorbs lipids from the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic vessels conduct __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clear fluid formed from interstitial fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ducts return lymph to the blood circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct in the shoulder region. |
|
|
Term
| Air has a __________ concentration of molecular oxygen than water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffuses ________ through air than water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Have adaptations that protect their respiratory surfaces from drying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exchanges gases by diffusion and have no specialized respiratory structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some invertebrates (most annelids) and some vertebrates (many amphibians) exchange gases _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In insects and some other arthropods, air enters through a network of ___________ through __________ along the body surface. |
|
Definition
Tracheal tubes (tracheae)
Spiracles |
|
|
Term
| __________ branch and extend to all body regions for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin projections of body surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In chordates, ______ are usually internal, along the edges of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bony fishes, ________ protects the gills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bony fish, _____________ maximizes the diffusion of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood. |
|
Definition
| Countercurrent exchange system |
|
|
Term
| Aquatic animals carry on _______ for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actively moving air or water over respiratory surfaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ have lungs for gas exchange and some means for ventilating them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ have lungs with some ridges or folds that increase surface area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______, lungs have extensions (air sacs) that draw air into system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ have 2 cycles of inhalation and exhalation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the human respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Lungs & a system of airways |
|
|
Term
| Each lung occupies a _________ and is covered with a ____________. |
|
Definition
Pleural cavity
Pleural membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of air as it is inhaled into the body? |
|
Definition
Nostrils
Nasal Cavities
Pharynx
Larnyx
Trachea
Bronchi
Branchioles
Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is used by both the respiratory and digestive system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is the point in the pathway of air that is used only for respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ expands the chest cavity. |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Inhalation occurs because air moves from ________ pressure to ________ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air pressure is __________ proportional to volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each normal breath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maximum volume exhaled after lungs fill to maximum extent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air volume remaining in lungs at the end of normal expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates respiration? |
|
Definition
1. Respiratory centers in the medulla and pons
2. Chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors that regulate respiration detect? |
|
Definition
Increases in carbon dioxide
Increases in hydrogen
Very low oxygen concentrations
|
|
|
Term
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between alveoli and blood by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the direction and rate of diffusion in gas exchange? |
|
Definition
| Pressure of a particular gas |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory pigment in vertebrate blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost 99% of oxygen in human blood is transported as __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maximum amount of oxygen that can be transported by hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ratio of oxygen content to oxygen carrying capacity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percent O2 saturation is highest in ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 60% of CO2 in blood is transported as ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 30% of CO2 in blood combines with __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 60% of CO2 in blood is dissolved in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide in blood acts as a ____________ that helps maintain pH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduces carbon dioxide concentration in alveolar air and blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A certain ___________ concentration is needed to maintain normal blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation _________ blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As altitude increases, barometric pressure _________ and ________ oxygen enters the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can low barometric pressure cause? |
|
Definition
1. Hypoxia
2. Loss of consciousness
3. Death |
|
|
Term
| Rapid decrease in barometric pressure can cause ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diving mammals have a high concentration of ___________ in their muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pigment that stores oxygen in muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes dark meat dark in animals? |
|
Definition
| The concentration of myoglobin in the muscle. |
|
|
Term
| When diving mammals dive to their limit, the _____________ is activated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diving reflex ___________ metabolic raes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ciliated mucous lining that trap inhaled particles found? |
|
Definition
Nose
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Inhaling polluted air or cigarette smoke results in what? |
|
Definition
Bronchial constriction
Increased mucous secretions
Damage to ciliated cells
Coughing |
|
|
Term
| Inhaling polluted air or cigarette smoke can cause what diseases? |
|
Definition
Chronic bronchitis
Pulmonary emphysema
Lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| The process of taking in and using food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selection, acquisition, and ingestion of food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaking down food mechanically and chemically. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrients pass from the digestive tract into blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undigested, unabsorbed food is discharged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A digestive tract with two openings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, where mechanical and enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incisors are for ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Canines are for ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Premolars and molars are for ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ of teeth contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the tooth that resembles bone in composition and hardness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hardest substance in the body is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme __________ digests starch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of salivary glands are in the the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carries food from the mouth to the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waves of muscular contraction that pushes bolus of food along the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Completes mechanical digestion by vigorous churning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What digests proteins in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| The enzyme pepsin in the gastric juices |
|
|
Term
| Folds in the stomach wall that expand as the stomach fills with food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do gastric glands secrete? |
|
Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen (precursor of pepsin) |
|
|
Term
| Soup of partly digested food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chyme leaves the stomach through the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chyme enters the small intestines in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of most enzymatic digestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receives secretions from the liver and pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ produces several digestive enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For digestion, the liver produces _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme that emulsifies fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the enzymes from the pancreas digest? |
|
Definition
Protein
Lipids
carbohydrates
RNA
DNA |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes does the pancreas release to aid in digestion? |
|
Definition
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic amylase
|
|
|
Term
| What does trypsin and chymotrypsin digest? |
|
Definition
| Polypeptides to dipeptides |
|
|
Term
| What does pancreatic lipase digest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pancreatic amylase digest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the large intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eliminates undigested wastes and incubates bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharides are digested to ____________ by salivatory and pancreatic amylase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ in the small intestines splits maltose into glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main product of carbohydrate digestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are proteins split in the digestive system? |
|
Definition
1. By pepsin in the stomach
2. By proteolytic enzymes in the pancreatic juice
3. By dipeptidases |
|
|
Term
| What splits small peptides into amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emulsified by bile salts then hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase |
|
|
Term
| The surface area in the small intestines is greatly expanded by what? |
|
Definition
1. Folds in walls
2. Intestinal villi
3. Microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Projections of mucosa in the small intestines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma membrane projections of epithelial cells of villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrients are absorbed through the thin walls of _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______________ transports amino acids and glucose to the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hepatic portal vein transports what to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for a balanced diet for humans and other animals? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals |
|
|
Term
| Organic compounds required in small amounts for biochemical processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamins are components of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat-soluable vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the water-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inorganic nutrients ingested as salts that are dissolved in food and water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals required in small amounts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant compounds that promote health. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many ___________ are antioxidants that destroy oxidants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free radicals and other reactive molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ damage DNA, proteins, and unsaturated fatty acids by snatching electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body's cost of metabolic living. |
|
Definition
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
|
|
Term
| BMR plus energy used to carry on daily activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does undernutrition cause? |
|
Definition
Fatigue
Depresses immune function |
|
|
Term
| What are the most often deficient nutrients in diets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of malnutrition? |
|
Definition
Undernutrition
Overnutrition |
|
|
Term
| Active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ regulates fluid and electrolyte balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of ridding the body of metabolic wastes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous waste excreted mainly by aquatic animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonia, a nitrogenous waste, is the by-product of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous waste excreted mainly by mammals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous waste excreted mainly by birds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous waste excreted as a semisolid waste. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do nephridial organs help maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1. By regulating the concentration of bodily fluids
2. Osmoregulation
3. Excretion of metabolic wastes |
|
|
Term
| Some insects use __________ as a nephridial organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vertebrate kidney excretes _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do vertebrate kidneys maintain fluid balance? |
|
Definition
| By adjusting the salt and water content of urine. |
|
|
Term
| Why do terrestrial vertebrates have more efficient kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Because they have to conserve water |
|
|
Term
| Endotherms have a high metabolic rate and therefore produce a _______ volume of nitrogenous wastes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principal excretory system in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammalian kidneys produce urine that passes from the kidneys through _______ to the ________ for storage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine is released from the body through the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer portion of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner portion of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal medulla contains what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tip of each renal pyramid is a ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the kidneys, urine flows into ____________ which empty through a _________ into the ___________. |
|
Definition
Collecting Ducts
Renal Papilla
Renal Pelvis |
|
|
Term
| A funnel shaped chamber in the kidneys used for urine collection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional units of the kidneys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each kidney has more than ________ nephrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cluster of capillaries located in nephrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerulus is surrounded by a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Bowman's capsule opens into a long coiled __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the renal tubule consist of? |
|
Definition
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Loop of henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| The distal convoluted tubule empties into _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during urine production? |
|
Definition
1. Filtration of plasma
2. Re-absorption of needed materials
3. Secretion of potassium & hydrogen ions into the renal tubule
|
|
|
Term
| During re-absorption, about _____% of filtrate is reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Re-absorption is a highly ________ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Re-absorption returns usable materials to _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Regulating physiological processes |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
Endocrine glands
Endocrine cells
Tissues that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system signals a ________ range of target cell types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most endocrine responses are _________, but __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps regulate many endocrine responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most gland cells are ________ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Other neurons
Muscle cells
Gland cells |
|
|
Term
| The nervous system transmits ______ & ________ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nervous system responds _______ to stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during negative feedback in the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1. Hormones are released in response to a change in homeostasis.
2. This triggers responses
3. Responses counteract the changed conditions.
4. Homeostasis is restored |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormone groups? |
|
Definition
1. Fatty acid derivatives
2. Steroid hormones
3. Amino acid derivatives
4. Peptides and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are fatty acid derivatives? |
|
Definition
Prostaglandins
Juvenile hormone of insects |
|
|
Term
| Where are steroid hormones secreted from in animals? |
|
Definition
1. Adrenal cortex
2. Ovary
3. Testis |
|
|
Term
| What steroid hormone is found in insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones are amino acid derivatives? |
|
Definition
Thyroid hormones
Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are peptides and proteins? |
|
Definition
Anti-diuretic hormone
Glucagon (peptide)
Insulin (protein) |
|
|
Term
| How is classical endocrine signaling completed? |
|
Definition
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid.
2. Hormones are transported by blood.
3. Hormones bind with receptors of specific target cells |
|
|
Term
| How is neuroendocrine signaling completed? |
|
Definition
1. Neurons secrete neurohormones
2. Neurohormone travels down axons and is secreted
3. Hormone travels by blood |
|
|
Term
| Hormone acts on the very cell that produced it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Local regulators use _________ & __________ signaling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some local regulators are considered __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptides stimulate cell division and development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ help regulate many metabolic processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones are small and lipid-soluble? |
|
Definition
Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are small and lipid-soluble? |
|
Definition
Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| How do small, lipid-soluble hormones reach their target cell? |
|
Definition
| They pass through the plasma membrane and combine with receptors in the target cell. |
|
|
Term
| Activates or represses transcription of messenger RNA coding for specific proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones are hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do peptide hormones transport hormone signals inside a cell? |
|
Definition
1. Combine with receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells
2. Receptor transduces extracellular hormone signal into a intracellular signal. |
|
|
Term
| What receptors does peptide hormones bind to in the plasma membrane of target cells? |
|
Definition
| G protein-linked receptors |
|
|
Term
| G protein-linked receptors transmit signals via __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G protein-linked receptors are __________ messengers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Invertebrate hormones and neurohormones help regulate what? |
|
Definition
Metabolism
Growth and development
Regeneration
Molting
Metamorphosis
Reproduction
Behavior |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrate hormones help regulate what? |
|
Definition
Growth and development
Reproduction
Salt and fluid balance
Many aspects of metabolism
Behavior
|
|
|
Term
| What are the human endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
|
|
|
Term
| Abnormally reduced output of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormally increased output of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What integrates nervous and endocrine regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the activity of the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus produces neurohormones released by what? |
|
Definition
| Posterior lobe of the pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones are produced by the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone
|
|
|
Term
| Stimulates the contraction of the uterus and the ejection of milk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates re-absorption of water in the kidney tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Releasing and inhibiting hormones are secreted by the ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus regulates the hormone output of the _____________. |
|
Definition
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
1. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)
2. Prolactin
3. Growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| Hormone that suppresses appetite and helps regulate energy and body weight. |
|
Definition
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) |
|
|
Term
| Hormone that stimulates mammary glands to produce milk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth hormone is an ___________ hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that stimulates body growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does growth hormone cause body growth? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors. |
|
|
Term
| Promotes skeletal growth and general tissue growth. |
|
Definition
| Insulin-like growth factors |
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? |
|
Definition
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates the rate of metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The regulation of thyroid secretion depends on a what? |
|
Definition
| Negative feedback system between the anterior pituitary gland and the thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
| What does hyposecretion of thyroxine cause? |
|
Definition
1. During childhood - Cretinism
2. During adulthood - Myxedema |
|
|
Term
| What is the most cause of hyperthyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graves' disease is an _________ disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland from either hyposecretion or hypersecretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common cause of goiter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones do the parathyroid glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? |
|
Definition
| Increases calcium concentration |
|
|
Term
| How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase calcium concentrations? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulating calcium release from bones
2. Increasing calcium re-absorption by kidney tubules
3. Increasing calcium re-absorption from the intestines. |
|
|
Term
| The parathyroid hormone (PTH) __________ calcium levels while calcitonin _________ calcium levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin is secreted by the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is insulin and glucagon regulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates cells to take up glucose from blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowers blood glucose concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Raises blood glucose concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does glucagon raise blood glucose concentration? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose
2. Stimulates the production of glucose from other nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Insulin deficiency or resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What results from diabetes mellitus?
|
|
Definition
1. Decreased use of glucose
2. Increased fat mobilization
3. Increased protein use
4. Electrolyte imbalance |
|
|
Term
| What does impaired glucose tolerance result in? |
|
Definition
1. Delayed insulin response
2. Hypersecretion of insulin
3. Drowsiness (caused by decrease in glucose concentration) |
|
|
Term
| Secretes hormones that help the body respond to stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What regulates the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal cortex is the _______ portion of the adrenal gland and the adrenal medulla is the _________ portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are also know as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete? |
|
Definition
Sex hormones
Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| What do Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids do? |
|
Definition
| Control sodium and potassium levels. |
|
|
Term
| Increases the rate of sodium re-absorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
1. It's energy efficient
2. Most successful in a stable environment |
|
|
Term
| Part of the parent's body grows and detaches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parent's body breaks into pieces and each piece can develop into a new animal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unfertilized egg develops into an adult. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusion of two types of gametes (egg and sperm) produces offspring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fertilized egg is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
1. Genetic variety
2. Adaptive in unstable, changing environments. |
|
|
Term
| Mating partners release eggs and sperm into water simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male delivers sperm into female's body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single individual produces both eggs and sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male reproductive system composed of? |
|
Definition
Testes
Series of conducting ducts
Accessory glands
Penis |
|
|
Term
| Testes are located in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the testes contain? |
|
Definition
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Interstitial cells
3. Sertoli cells
|
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatogenesis take place? |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules of the testes |
|
|
Term
| What secretes testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces signaling molecules and fluid that nourish sperm cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the conducting ducts in the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does sperm maturation and storage occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of sperm during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
1. From vas deferens
2. To ejaculatory duct
3. Into urethra (through penis) |
|
|
Term
| Semen contains about _______ sperm per ejaculation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretions of the seminal vesicles and the prostrate gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases a mucous secretion in the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of erectile tissue in the penis? |
|
Definition
2 cavernous bodies
1 Spongy body |
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, ___________ divide by mitosis while __________ undergo meiosis. |
|
Definition
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
| Differentiated spermatogonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, the first meiotic division produces __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, the second meiotic division produces __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, each spermatid differentiates into a ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cap on the head of sperm containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the nucleus in a sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation? |
|
Definition
Seminiferous tubules n the testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra |
|
|
Term
| What organs are included in male endocrine regulation? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Testes
|
|
|
Term
| What does testosterone establish and maintain? |
|
Definition
Primary sex characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What is the reproductive organ of the female reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the ovaries produce? |
|
Definition
1. Gametes
2. Steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization of a female egg takes place in __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incubator for developing embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial lining of uterus that thickens each month for possible pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower part of the birth canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the vulva of the vagina? |
|
Definition
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule
Clitoris
Mons pubis |
|
|
Term
| Mammary gland cells of the breast are arranged in __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ stimulates ejection of milk from the alveoli into ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during oogenesis? |
|
Definition
1. Oogonia differentiates into prmary oocytes
2. As the follicle grows, a layer of theca cells develops
3. As the follicle matures, the primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a polar body. |
|
|
Term
| During ovulation, the ___________ is ejected from the ovary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A temporary endocrine gland developed from the part of the follicle remaining in the ovary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs are involved in female endocrine function? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the preovulatory phase? |
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogen? |
|
Definition
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates theca cells to produce androgens that are converted to estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates development of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the physiological responses to sexual stimulation? |
|
Definition
1. Vasocongestion (flooding of sex organs with blood)
2. Increased muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of sexual response? |
|
Definition
Sexual excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution |
|
|
Term
| Fusion of a secondary oocyte and sperm that form a zygote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization and establishment of pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secreted by membranes around the embryo and maintains the corpus luteum. |
|
Definition
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| During the first 2-3 months of pregnancy, what secretes the large amounts of estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After 3 months of pregnancy, what secretes the large amounts of estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parturition is regulated by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate Parturition? |
|
Definition
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of labor? |
|
Definition
1. Prepartum
2. Delivery
3. Delivery of placenta |
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of inherited changes within a population over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Links all fields of life science into a unified body of knowledge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unifying concept of biology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the first person to propose evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Charles Darwin base his Theory of Evolution on? |
|
Definition
| Observations made during the voyage of HMS Beagle. |
|
|
Term
| Where did Charles Darwin find similarities between organisms? |
|
Definition
| Galapagos Islands & South American Mainland |
|
|
Term
| What influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution? |
|
Definition
1. Artificial selection
2. Applied Thomas Malthus's ideas on human populations to natural populations
3. Geologist's (Charles Lyell) idea that Earth was extremely old. |
|
|
Term
| What are the premises of evolution by natural selection? |
|
Definition
1. Genetic variation
2. Organisms must reproduce
3. Competition
4. Offspring with most favorable characteristic survive to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| Results in adaptations through evolutionary modifications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Combines Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with modern genetics. |
|
Definition
| Modern Synthesis (Synthetic theory of evolution) |
|
|
Term
| Provides genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remains or traces of ancient organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most fossils found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of rock that occur in sequence of deposition with recent layers on top of older ones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterize specific layers of sedimentary rock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to accurately measure a rock's age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By studying _________, we can see how old something is. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What element is used for radioisotope measurements of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic structural similarities, but structures may be used in different ways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homologous Features are derived from the same ________ in a ___________ ancestor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indicates an organism's evolutionary affinity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evolved independently, but have similar functions in distantly related organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ demonstrate convergent evolution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms with separate ancestors adapt similarly to comparable environments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wings of birds and bats are an example of _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonfunctional or degenerate remnants that remain from structures that were functional in ancestral organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Areas separated from the rest of the world contain organisms evolved in isolation that are unique to that area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused landmasses to separate which played a major role in evolution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are conserved sequences of of genetic code found? |
|
Definition
Amino acids in proteins
Nucleotides in DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is used to determine the molecular clock? |
|
Definition
| Number of nucleotide differences between organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What do scientists generally agree on concerning the origin of life? |
|
Definition
| Life originated from non-living matter by chemical evolution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for chemical evolution? |
|
Definition
1. Absence of oxygen
2. Energy
3. Chemical building blocks
4 Sufficient time |
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules formed near Earth's surface n a "sea of organic soup" or on rock or clay surfaces. |
|
Definition
| Prebiotic soup hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules produced at hydrothermal vents in deep ocean floor. |
|
Definition
| Iron-sulfur world hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| The first cells assembled from small organic molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first cells formed from macromolecules. |
|
Definition
| Protobionts (macromolecular assemblages) |
|
|
Term
| The first informational molecule to evolve and progress towards a self-reproducing cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the RNA World Model, natural selection at a molecular level resulted in what? |
|
Definition
| Information sequence (DNA-->RNA-->Protein) |
|
|
Term
| The first cells were ___________ (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)___________ (autotrophs/heterotrophs) and probably __________ (anaerobic/aerobic). |
|
Definition
Prokaryotic
Heterotrophs
Anaerobic
|
|
|
Term
| Which developed first, autotrophs or heterotrophs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused the introduction of oxygen in our atmosphere on early Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What permitted the evolution of aerobes? |
|
Definition
| Autotrophs using photosynthesis to generate oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic endosymbosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period lasted from 2500 mya to 542 mya? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the first eukaryotic cells appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What marked the end of the Proterozoic eon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period lasted from 600 mya to 542 mya? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oldest known fossils of multicellular animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were Ediacaran fauna? |
|
Definition
| Small, soft-boded invertebrates |
|
|
Term
| Began about 542 mya & lasted about 291 million years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what period did many plants and animals appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the greatest mass extinction occur? |
|
Definition
| At the end of the Paleozoic Era |
|
|
Term
| What period created all phylums present today? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Began about 251 mya and lasted about 185 million years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what period were the dinosaurs dominant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what period was there a mass extinction caused by the collision of an extraterrestrial body with earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From 66 mya to the present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what period did our human ancestors appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did our first human ancestors appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shows layers of microorganisms and sediments that accumulate over large periods of time, sometimes billions of years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did placental mammals evolve from? |
|
Definition
| Arboreal shrew-like mammals |
|
|
Term
| What adaptations did primates have when they began to evolve? |
|
Definition
1. Five grasping digits
2. Long, slender limbs
3. Freely moveable joints at hips and shoulders
4. Eyes located in front of head |
|
|
Term
| What are the suborders of primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the Anthropoid group? |
|
Definition
Monkeys (Old & New)
Apes
Humans |
|
|
Term
| Apes don't have ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes apes and humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did hominoids arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the generas of apes? |
|
Definition
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees |
|
|
Term
| What classification are humans and their ancestors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adaptations are seen in hominid skeletons for standing erect and walking on two feet? |
|
Definition
1. Complex curvature of the spine
2. Short, broad pelvis
3. Foramen magnum at the base of the skull
4. First toe aligned with other toes |
|
|
Term
| How does the human skull differ from the ape skull? |
|
Definition
1. Lacks pronounced supraorbital ridge
2. Flatter in front
3. Has a pronounced chin
4. Larger brain than apes
5. Jaw structure with teeth arranged in a U shape |
|
|
Term
| What genus contains the immediate ancestors of genus Homo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the earliest hominid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first hominid that had a slightly larger bran and developed crude tools from stone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What early hominid made more sophisticated tools and may have worn clothing, built fires, and lived in caves or shelters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerning longevity, what was the most successful hominid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hominid group first showed a rich and varied culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hominids lived 230,000 - 30,000 years ago? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hominids had short, sturdy builds, receding chins and foreheads, heavy supraorbital ridges and jawbones, large front teeth, and nasal cavities with triangular bony projections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomically modern humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ancient Homo sapiens in Europe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modern humans originated as separately evolving populations of H. erectus in Africa, Asia, and Europe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with characteristic climate, soil, plants, and animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biome has a frozen layer of subsoil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biome has a short growing season, acidic, mineral-poor soil, and coniferous trees adapted to cold winters (Canada)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biome with high precipitation where large conifers dominate (Washington state or Oregon). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biome has relatively high precipitation, soils rich in organic matter, and dominant broad-leaf trees that lose their leaves seasonally. |
|
Definition
| Temperate deciduous forest |
|
|
Term
| What biome has deep, mineral-rich soil, and moderate, but uncertain precipitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biome has a climate of wet, mild winters and dry summers, and thickets of small-leaf evergreen shrubs and trees? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biome has low levels of precipitation and organisms with specialized water-conserving adaptations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropical areas with low or seasonal rainfall and widely scattered trees interspersed with grassy areas. |
|
Definition
| Tropical Grassland (Savanna) |
|
|
Term
| What biome has mineral-poor soil, high rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year, and high species richness with high productivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors determine what a biome will be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentration of dissolved salts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free-floating organisms in an aquatic ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strongly swimming organisms in an aquatic ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bottom-dwelling organisms in an aquatic ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of plankton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of freshwater ecosystems? |
|
Definition
Flowing-water ecosystems
Standing water ecosystems
Freshwater wetlands |
|
|
Term
| _________ depend on detritus from land for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the zones of large lakes? |
|
Definition
Marginal littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone |
|
|
Term
| Large lake zone that contains emergent vegetation and algae & is very productive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zone located around the shore of a lake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open water away from shore that extends as far down as sunlight penetrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large lake zone that is deep and dark and has little life other than bacterial decomposers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transitional lands between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What freshwater ecosystem performs many valuable ecosystem services? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ecosystem that is coastal and partly surrounded by land with access to the ocean and a large supply of freshwater from rivers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the fluctuation of salinity in estuaries? |
|
Definition
Tidal Cycles
Times of the Year
Precipitation |
|
|
Term
| An ocean zone located at the shoreline between low and high tides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms in the intertidal zone have what adaptations? |
|
Definition
Resistance to wave action
Adapted to water and land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open ocean from shoreline to 200 meters in depth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most marine organisms located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocean zone where enough light penetrates to support photosynthesis and phytoplankton are the base of the food web. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open ocean deeper than 200 meters with darkness, cold temperatures, and high pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do animals in the oceanic province subsist on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transition zone between two communities where biomes meet and integrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of geographic distribution of plants and animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each species originated only once at its ___________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what levels does biological diversity exist? |
|
Definition
Populations
Species
Ecosystems
|
|
|
Term
| The study of how humans affect organisms and finding ways to protect biological diversity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efforts to preserve biological diversity in the wild. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Builds links in between ecosystems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conserving individual species in human-controlled settings. |
|
Definition
|
|
