Term
| Cell's informational units made up of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What allows DNA sorting into daughter cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Contains a single, circular DNA molecule |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does DNA replication begin in prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Histone (protein) bead wrapped in DNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is chromatin (in it's extended form) held together by before being compacted? |
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Definition
| Nonhistone scaffolding proteins |
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|
Term
| What are the stages in condensing eukaryotic chromosomes? |
|
Definition
1. DNA Double Helix forms
2. Nucleosomes form
3. Nucleosomes are packed
4. Extended chromatin forms
5. Chromatin condenses
6. Condensed chromosome is formed |
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|
Term
| What are the cycles of cell division in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the longest phase of mitosis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of M phase? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the stages of interphase? |
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Definition
1. G1 (can go to G0)
2. S
3. G2 |
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|
Term
| In what stage of mitosis does a cell begin life? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the first gap phase of interphase? |
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Definition
| Cells grow & prepare for S phase |
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|
Term
| What occurs during synthesis phase of interphase? |
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Definition
1. DNA & chromosome protein synthesis
2. Chromosome duplication |
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|
Term
| What occurs during the second gap phase of interphase? |
|
Definition
1. Protein synthesis increases
2. Preparation for cell division |
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|
Term
| What occurs durng mitosis of M phase? |
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Definition
1. Nucleus divides
2. Two nuclei are produced identical to the parent nucleus |
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|
Term
| What occurs during cytokinesis of M phase? |
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Definition
1. Cytoplsm divides
2. Ends up creating two daughter cells |
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Term
| After what part of mitosis, do you have two daughter cells identical to the parent cells? |
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Definition
| Cytokinesis (at the end of M phase) |
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|
Term
| What are the components of a duplicated chromosome? |
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Definition
1. Pair of sister chromatids
2. Centromere
3. Kinetochore |
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Term
| What do sister chromatids contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Constricted region that joins sister chromatids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein that is attached to the centromeres of duplicated chromosomes to which microtubules bind. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of duplicated chromosomes do microtubules bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein located on sister chromatids. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most important function of mitosis? |
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Definition
| Maintaining the correct number of chromosomes (i.e. doubling chromosomes) |
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|
Term
| How does mitosis ditribute chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Identical chromosomes are sent to each pole of the cell |
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Term
| What forms around duplicated chromosomes, in mitosis, when they are sent to opposite poles of the cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs during prophase of mitosis? |
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Definition
1. Chromatin condenses into duplicated chromosomes.
2. Nuclear envelope begins to disappear
3. Mitotic spindle begins to form. |
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Term
| What occurs during Prometaphase of Mitosis? |
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Definition
1. Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
2. Chromosomes begin to move toward cell's midplane |
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|
Term
| What occurs during Metaphase of mitosis? |
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Definition
1. Chromosomes align on cell's misplane (metaphase plate)
2. Mitotic spindle is completed
3. Microtubules attach kinetochores of sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell |
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|
Term
| What occurs during anaphase of mitosis? |
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Definition
1. Sister chromatids seperate & move to opposite poles
2. Each single chromatid is now a chromosome |
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|
Term
| During what phase of mitosis do seperated chromatids become chromosomes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs during Telophase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Nuclear envelope reforms
2. Nuceoli appears
3. Chromosomes uncoil
4. Spindles dissapear
5. Cytokinesis begins |
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|
Term
| After what phase of mitosis does cytokinesis begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In plant cells, how does cytokinesis occur? |
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Definition
| The formation of a cell plate seperates the two daughter cells. |
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|
Term
| In animal cells, how does cytokinesis occur? |
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Definition
| An actomyosin contracile ring causes a cleavage burrow, which seperates the two daughter cells. |
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|
Term
| What proteins regulate cell-cycle control? |
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Definition
1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
2. Cyclins |
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Term
| Protein kinases that control cell cycle |
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Definition
| Cyclin-Dependent kinases (Cdks) |
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|
Term
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are only active when bound to __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Regulatory proteins whose levels fluctuate during cell cycles. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What sustance influences the speed of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What activates mitosis in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| The combining of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and cyclin. |
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Term
| What is the signal for that cell that it can move onto the next phase of interphase. |
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Definition
| The concentration of cyclins. |
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|
Term
| Eukarotic asexual reproduction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Asexual production makes what kind of offspring? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is bacterial (prokaryotic) asexual reproduction called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are bacterial cells divided in binary fission? |
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Definition
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Term
| Containing two sets of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Containing one set of chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the term for sperm & eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sperm and egg combined form a ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is a zygote diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Are gametes diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of cells are formed in meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| In mitosis, how many cells do you begin and end with? |
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Definition
1. Begin with one
2. End with two |
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|
Term
| In meiosis, how many cells do you begin and end with? |
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Definition
1. Begin with one
2. End with four |
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|
Term
| In mitosis, what type cells do you begin and end with? |
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Definition
1. begin with one diploid parent cell
2. End with two identical diploid daughter cells |
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Term
| In meiosis, what type of cells do you begin and end with? |
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Definition
1. Begin with one diploid parent cell
2. End with four non-identical haploid gamete cells |
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Term
| Cell that contains only one member of each homologus chromosome pair. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes that are similar in length, shape and other features. |
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Definition
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Term
| In meoisis, one ______ cell dvides two times, yielding for _______ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| In meiosis, each gamete contains ____ the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual life cycles in eukaryotes requires ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Homologus chromosomes join together |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
1. Homologus chromosomes join together (synapsis)
2. Crossing-over between homologous chromatids |
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Term
| Exchanging segments of DNA strands between homologus chromatids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does crossing-over cause? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are homologus chromosomes joined? |
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Definition
| By a synaptonemal complex (or synapsis) |
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|
Term
| What occurs during Metaphase I of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
| Tetrads line up on the metaphase plate |
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Term
| Homologous chromosomes joined by chiasmata |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are tetrads joined by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during Anaphase I of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes seperate and are sent to different nuclei |
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Term
| At the end of Anaphase I of Meiosis I, what number of chromosomes are located in each nuclei? |
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Definition
| Haploid number of chromosomes (1 set) |
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|
Term
| How many chromatids does each chromosome have have at the end of Anaphas I of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs during meiosis II? |
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Definition
1. Two chromatids of each chromosome seperate
2. Each chromatid is ditributed to each daughter cell
3. Each former chromatid is now a chromosome |
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|
Term
| When does synapsis of homologous chromosomes occur in meiosis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Somatic cells are ______. (Diploid or Haploid) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gamete cells are ______. (Diploid or Haploid) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Somatic cells are produced by _______ (mitosis or meiosis) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Animals spend most of their life as _______ organisms (haploid or diploid) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Simple eukaryotes spend most of their life as _______ organisms (haploid or diploid) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Plants spend _____ their life as haploid organisms and ________ their life as diploid organisms. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The only diploid stage of simple eukarotes is the ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Multicellular diploid stage of plants |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Multicellular haploid stage of plants |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Informational units in chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Site of the gene in chromosome |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Different forms of a gene located on the same loci in homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Alleles are two _______ versions of the same gene. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _______ individuals have pairs of genes on homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two identical alleles are said to be ____________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two different alleles are said to be ____________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Approximately how many genes are there in humans? |
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Definition
| 25,000 (1,000 per choromosome) |
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|
Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in humans? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who was the first person to discover hereditary genes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of subject did Mendel use for his experiments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Masks the expression of a recessive gene |
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Definition
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Term
| The physical appearance of gene expression |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The genetic constitution of genes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| According to Mendel's Principle of Segregation, what occurs during meiosis? |
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Definition
1. Paired alleles seperate
2. Gametes have only one allele per locus |
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Term
| Produces new gene combnations not present in parental (P) generation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| States that alleles are distributed randomly into gametes causing recombination. |
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Definition
| Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Term
| A gamete carries _____ chromosome of each pair from it's parent cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A Zygote has ______ pairs of chromosomes. (homozygous or heterozygous) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Explains that members of a gene pair seperate from one another prior to gamete formation. |
|
Definition
| Mendel's Priciple of Segregation |
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|
Term
| Homozygous parents whose alleles differ at one locus. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Homozygous parents whose alleles differ at two loci. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A homozygous black guinea pig is bred with a homozygous brown guinea pig. What type of cross is this? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A black, short-haired guinea pig is bred with a brown, long-haired guinea pig. What type of cross is this? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 homozygous parents, 1 dominant & 1 rececessive, are what generation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| First generation of offspring (heterozygous) |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Between an unknown genotype an a homzygous recessive |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In what generation would you see traits that were not found in the parent generation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What tool is used to predict the possible combinations of offspring? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ______________ during meiosis helps to explain Mendel's prnciple of inheritance. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Expressed a as fraction or decimal |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Probability ranges from ____ (impossible event) to ____ (certain event) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Probability = ______ / _________ . |
|
Definition
1. Favorable Events
2. Total Events |
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|
Term
| Genetic ratios are expressed as __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Genetic ratios are expressed as __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Groups of genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does independent assortment apply to linked genes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A tendency of genes to be inherited together. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If linked genes are in close proximity of each other, the possibility of crossing-over is ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When can recombination occur with linked genes? |
|
Definition
| Crossing-over in meiotic prophase I |
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|
Term
| How is a linkage map of the chromosome created? |
|
Definition
| By measuring the frequency of recombination between linked genes. |
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|
Term
| If there is a minimal amount of recombination of two linked genes, then they ________ (close to/far away from) each other. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If the results from a breeding experiment closely match the predicted offspring from a punnett square, then ___________ has occurred. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If the results from a breeding experiment are very different from the predicted offspring from a punnett square, then ___________ has occurred. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What chromosome determines male sex? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A sperm cell contains what types of sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A female egg cell contains what type of sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If you are a male, your 23rd pair of chromosomes are _____. If you are a female, your 23rd pair of chromosomes are _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who is more likely to inherit color-blindness, a male or a female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females mammal, only one of the two X chromosomes is expressed in each cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the inactve X chromosome become during dosage compensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extra X chromosome is inactivated during dosage compensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of one gene to have several effects on different parts of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pleiotropy is usually due to ________ cause(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of pleiotropy? |
|
Definition
| Sickle cell anemia (caused by a defective protein) |
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|
Term
| Alleles of many loci may interact to affect the phenotypic expression of a single character. |
|
Definition
Multiple genes (Polygenic)
Ex. May genes work together to determine eye color |
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|
Term
| Heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype (combination on two traits) |
|
Definition
Incomplete Dominance
Ex. Red and white flower make a pink flower |
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|
Term
| Heterozygote expresses phenotypes of both both homozygotes |
|
Definition
Co-dominance
Ex. AB Blood type |
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|
Term
| Three or more alleles in a population for the same locus. |
|
Definition
Multiple Alleles
Ex. A, B, O blood genes |
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|
Term
| An allele of one locus can mask the expression of alleles in a different locus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple independent pairs of genes may have similar and additve effects on phenotype. |
|
Definition
Polygenic Inheritance
Ex. Human skin color (Large variation) |
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|
Term
| A range of phenotypic possibilities from a single gentype that are influenced by environmental condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a norm of reaction genotype? What is it affected by? |
|
Definition
| Height. Affected by diet and health |
|
|
Term
| Number and kinds of chromosomes present in the nucleus of an individual. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Enables researchers to identify various chromosome abnormalities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A "Famly Tree" that shows transmission of genetic traits in a family over several generations. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Helps detect autosomal dominant mutation, autosomal recessive mutations, X-linked recessive mutations, and genomic imprinting. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Total genetic information in human cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sequenced nuclear human DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the human genome project help us to understand? |
|
Definition
1. How genes interact with each other
2. How gene expression is regulated |
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|
Term
| Used to produce strains of mice, homozygous or heterozygous, for cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits for gene targeting? |
|
Definition
| It may yield more effective drug treatments |
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|
Term
| Abnormalities cause by the presence of a single extra chromosome or the absence of a chromosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One extra chromosome (3 in one set) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of Trisomy? |
|
Definition
Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) |
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|
Term
| Missing one chromosome (1 in a set) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of monosomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes aneuploidy (trisomy and monosomy)? |
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes fail to move apart properly during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes fail to move apart properly during meiosis causing trisomy and monosomy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of one chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosome breaks & fails to rejoin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A repeated segment of a chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chromosome section with a reversed orientation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when two non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place where part of a chromatid appears to be attached by a thin thread of DNA & occurs at specific locations on both chromatids of a chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs near the tip of the X chromosome and is the common cause of inherited mental retardation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Fragile X syndrome, nucleotide triplet ____ is repeated many times. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most human genetic diseases are caused by _________. |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive traits |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal recessive traits are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human disorders involving enzyme defects causes by mutations of single genes. |
|
Definition
| Inborn error of metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of autosomal recessive disorders? |
|
Definition
1. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
2. Sickle cell anemia
3. Cystic Fibrosis
4. Tay-Sachs disease |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a autosomal dominant inheritance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an X-linked recessive disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during gene therapy? |
|
Definition
1. A normal allele is cloned
2. DNA is introduced into certain body cells
3. Expression may yield a normal phenotype |
|
|
Term
| How are genes inserted into body cells during gene therapy? |
|
Definition
| By a safe, effective vector (usually a virus) |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for a vector in gene therapy? |
|
Definition
1. Infect a high percentage of cells
2. Do no harm, especially long term |
|
|
Term
| Samples amniotic fluid surrounding fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of amniocentesis? |
|
Definition
| Cultures and screens fetal cells for genetic defects |
|
|
Term
| When can a amniocentesis be performed? |
|
Definition
| 2nd trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Removes and studies some fetal cells |
|
Definition
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) |
|
|
Term
| When can a Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) be performed? |
|
Definition
| 1st trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Which prenatal diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of infection and miscarriage? |
|
Definition
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) |
|
|
Term
| What techniques can be used for Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)? |
|
Definition
1. Transabdominal sampling
2. Cervical sampling |
|
|
Term
| In what method of genetic screening do couples conceive by in vitro fertilizaton? |
|
Definition
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) |
|
|
Term
| When are embryos screened for genetic diseases in preimpantation genetic diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Before the embryo is placed in the uterus |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages in preimpantation genetic diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1. Not as accurate as amniocentesis or CVS
2. More expensive |
|
|
Term
| What does genetic screening do? |
|
Definition
| Identifies carriers of genetic diseases |
|
|
Term
| When is the purpose of genetic screening in infants? |
|
Definition
| It's the first step in preventative medicine |
|
|
Term
| When is the purpose of genetic screening in adults? |
|
Definition
| Helps people to make informed reproductive decisions |
|
|
Term
| What can be used for couples concerned about the risks of abnormalities in their children. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discrimination against an individual or family member because the individual differs from the "normal" genome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might people at risk for a genetic disease dely being tested for genetic information? |
|
Definition
| Fear of genetic discrimination from insurers and employers. |
|
|
Term
| Certain advances in human genetics raise _______ questions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process by which a cell becomes specialized to carry out specific functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecular events leading to cell differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relatively undifferentiated cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The development of form that occurs through pattern formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cells do in pattern formation? |
|
Definition
1. Communicate by signaling
2. Migrate
3. Undergo changes in shape
4. Undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
|
|
Term
| Usually no genetic changes occur in cell determination and cell differentation. |
|
Definition
| Principle of Nuclear Equivalence |
|
|
Term
| Various types of differentiated cells express different subsets of their genes |
|
Definition
| Differential gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in fertilization? |
|
Definition
1. Contact and recognition
2. Sperm entry is regulated
3. Fertilization activates egg
4. Sperm and egg pronuclei fuse |
|
|
Term
| What part of the egg doe the sperm come into contact with during the contact and recognition stage of fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is sperm entry regulated in fertiliztion? |
|
Definition
1. Prevents interspecific fertlization
2. Prevents polyspermy (fertilization of egg by more than one sperm) |
|
|
Term
| What stage in fertilization triggers the eventsof early development? |
|
Definition
| Fertilization activates egg |
|
|
Term
| What stage of fertilization initiates DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Sperm and egg pronuclei fuse |
|
|
Term
| What egg coverings are found in Echinoderms? |
|
Definition
1. Vitelline envelope
2. Jelly coat |
|
|
Term
| What egg coverings are found in mammals? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Facilitates penetration of egg coverings when sperm first contacts egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| In mammals, acrosome reaction is preceded by _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maturation process that results in the ability of sperm to fertilize eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Echinoderms prevent polyspermy? |
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Definition
1. Depolarization of plasma membrane (fast block)
2. Cortical reaction (slow block) |
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Term
| How do mammals prevent polyspermy? |
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Definition
| Changes in the zona pellucidia |
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Term
| A series of rapid cell divisions without a growth phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| What partitions the zygote into many small blastomeres? |
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Definition
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Term
| A solid ball of blastomere cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hollow ball of blastomere cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Invertebrates and simple chordates have ________ eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Large amounts of yolk concentrated at one end of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| In teloecithal eggs, a large number of smaller cells form at the ________ pole. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reptiles and birds have highly ______ eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
| In reptiles and birds, cell vision is restricted to the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cleavage restricted to the blastodisc. |
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Definition
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Term
| A high concentration of yolk at one end of the egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of development is seen in zygotes with relatively homogenous cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of development is seen in zygotes with unequal distributiuon of cytoplasmic components? |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryo develops as a self-regulating whole |
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Definition
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Term
| Relatively rigid developmental paterns |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the body axis of af an amphibian embryo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the germ layers? |
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Definition
1. Outer ectoderm
2. Middle mesoderm
3. Inner endoderm |
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Term
| What is the forerunner of the digestive tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the opening of the archenteron to the exterior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in sea stars and amphioxus during gastrulation? |
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Definition
| Cells from blastula wall invaginate eventually meeting the opposite wall, forming archenteron |
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Term
| What occurs in amphibians during gastrulation? |
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Definition
1.Invagination at vegetal pole is obstructed by large, yolk-laden cells
2. Cells from animal pole move down over yolk-rich cells and invaginate, forming dorsal lip of the blastopore |
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Term
| What occurs in birds during gastrulation? |
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Definition
1. Invagination ocurs at the primitive streak
2. No archenteron forms |
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Term
| The process of organ formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ectoderm become in organogenesis? |
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Definition
1. Nervous system
2. Sense organs
3. Outer layer of the skin (epidermis) |
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Term
| What does the Mesoderm become in organogenesis? |
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Definition
1. Notochord
2. Skeleton
3. Muscles
4. Circulatory system
5. Inner layer of skin (dermis) |
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Term
| What does the endoderm become in organogenesis? |
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Definition
| Lining of the digestive tube |
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Term
| The developing notochord is responsible for ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes ectoderm to differentiate and form central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What de the brain and spinal cord develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The origin of the central nerval system. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is one of the earliest events in organogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Extraembryonic membrane derived from ectoderm and mesoderm that is used for gas exchange. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chorion derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo, keeps the embryo moist, and acts as a shock absorber. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the amnion? |
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Definition
1. Keeps the embryo moist
2. Acts as a shock absorber |
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Term
| What is the amnion derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What extraembryonic membrane stores nitrogenous wastes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the allantois derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What extraembryonic membrane makes food available for the embryo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the yolk sac derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| In early human development, fertilization occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
| In early human development, cleavage takes place when? |
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Definition
| As the embryo is moved down the oviduct |
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Term
| In early human development, where does the blastocyst develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the blastocyst develop? |
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Definition
1. The trophoblast forms chorion and amnion
2. The inner cell mass becomes the embryo proper
3. Blastocyst undergoes implantation in the endometrium |
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Term
| Organ of exchange between maternal and fetal circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placenta derived from? |
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Definition
| Embryotic chorion and maternal tissue |
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Term
| Connects the embryo to the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| When does organogenesis begin in embryos? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the embryo referred to as a fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the second and third trimesters? |
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Definition
| Growth and refinement of organs continue |
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Term
| What rapid adaptations must mewborns makes? |
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Definition
| Respiratory and digestive systems |
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Term
| Marked by a decrease in homeostatic response to stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all body systems decline at the same rate with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Having an odd number of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of aneuploidy is the most fatal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does nondisjunction usually cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What step of ferilization is responsible for creating a new individual? |
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Definition
| Sperm & egg pronuclei fusing |
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Term
| What is sperm comprised of? |
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Definition
1. Nucleus
2. Large amounts of mitochondria
3. Flagella |
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Term
| Where is the acrosome located on sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Without _______, sperm could not penetrate the egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the Morula and Blasula larger than the zygote? |
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Definition
| No. No growth, just division |
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Term
| Which portion of the telolecithal cell cleaves? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does differentiation first occur? |
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Definition
| During formation of the germ layers |
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Term
| Extraembryotic membranes are formed by what? |
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Definition
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