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Biology 110S Exam 1
Chapter 1-8
80
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/16/2009

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Term
hydrophilic substance
Definition
A substance with an affinity for water
Term
hydrophobic substance
Definition
A substance that is nonionic and nonpolar, repels water
Term
Molecular mass
Definition
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight
Term
hydrogen ion
Definition
A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen ion.
Term
hydronium ion
Definition
A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+
Term
hydroxide ion
Definition
A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-
Term
acid
Definition
A susbstance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Term
base
Definition
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Term
buffers
Definition
A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
Term
carbon chains
Definition
Term
organic chemistry
Definition
The study of carbon compounds.
Term
tetravalence
Definition
One facet of carbon's versatility, that makes large, complex molecules possible.
Term
hydrocarbons
Definition
An organic molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen
Term
functional groups
Definition
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
Term
macromolecules
Definition
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of these
Term
polymer
Definition
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Term
monomers
Definition
The subunit that serves as the building block of polymer.
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers
Term
monosaccarides
Definition
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O
Term
starch
Definition
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.
Term
glycogen
Definition
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
Term
lipids
Definition
One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water
Term
triacylglycerol
Definition
Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat.
Term
phospholipids
Definition
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
Term
steroids
Definition
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.
Term
cholesterol
Definition
a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones
Term
amino acids
Definition
A organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; serve as the monomers of polypeptides
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
Term
polypeptide
Definition
A polymer of amino acids, range in length; has a unique linear sequence of amino acids
Term
enzymes
Definition
A macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; A catalytic protein
Term
protein
Definition
A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure.
Term
catalyst
Definition
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Term
chaperonins
Definition
A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other protein
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein
Term
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
Term
prokaryotic cells
Definition
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Term
eukaryotic cells
Definition
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and mebrane-enclosed organelles
Term
Basic features of all cells
Definition
Plasma membrane, semi-fluid substance called cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
Term
nucleoid
Definition
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane
Term
nucleus
Definition
An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. A cluster of neurons
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
Term
nuclear lamina
Definition
A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus
Term
nucleolus
Definition
A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
Term
components of endomembrane system
Definition
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Accounts for more than 1/2 of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Term
ER in 2 distinct regions
Definition
Smooth ER, lack ribosomes; rough ER, ribosomes studding it's surface
Term
smooth ER
Definition
Synthesis lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poison, stores calcium
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins; distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes; membrane factory for the cell
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins; distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes; membrane factory for the cell
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
Term
Functions of golgi apparatus
Definition
Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts & packages materials into transport vesicles.
Term
lysosome
Definition
A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
A network of fibers; organizes structures & activities in cell; made of protein
Term
3 types of molecular structures
Definition
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Term
functions of microtubules
Definition
Shaping the cell; guiding movement of organelles; separating chromosomes during cell division
Term
actin
Definition
Holds the cell together
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
Range in diameter from 8-12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules; support cell shape & fix organelles in place.
Term
Functions of the ECM
Definition
Support, adhesion, movement, regulation
Term
selective permeability
Definition
A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances.
Term
3 types of endocytosis
Definition
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
metabolism
Definition
Totality of an organism's chemical reactions consisting of canabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.
Term
metabolic pathway
Definition
A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
Term
catabolic pathway
Definition
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
Term
anabolic pathways
Definition
Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Term
forms of energy
Definition
Kinetic (motion), heat (thermal), potential (location or structure), chemical
Term
activation energy
Definition
Often supplied in the form of heat from surroundings.
Term
enzyme's substrate
Definition
The reactant that an enzyme acts on.
Term
enzyme-substrate complex
Definition
A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).
Term
active site
Definition
The specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
Term
induced fit
Definition
Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate.
Term
The active site can lower an EA barrier by
Definition
Orienting substrates correctly; straining substrate bonds; providing a favorable micro environment; covalently bonding to the substrate
Term
An enzyme's activity can be affected by
Definition
General environmental factors, such as temperature and pH; chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
Term
diffusion
Definition
Movement of a substance a from high concentration to a low concentration.
Term
osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water down from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Term
tonic
Definition
Solute concentration of a system.
Term
hyper
Definition
Greater than
Term
hypo
Definition
Less than
Term
iso
Definition
Same as
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