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Biology 110
Exam 3 Study Guide
33
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/12/2015

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Term
Evolution
Definition
A change in allele frequencies in a
population over time.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
A process in which individuals that have inherited traits tent to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals BECAUSE of those traits.
Term
Gene Flow
Definition
The movement of alleles among
populations. (into or out of a population)
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
The random fluctuation in allele frequencies
over time, due to chance occurrences alone.
Term
_______ does not evolve. Rather, it is the _______ that evolves over time.
Definition
Individual, Population
Term
Darwin Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits.
Definition
Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits gives them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.
Term
Darwin Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce.
Definition
Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
Term
Fitness
Definition
Ability to survive and reproduce.
Term
Population
Definition
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Term
Mutations (regarding evolution)
Definition
Introduction of new alleles.
Term
Genetic Drift?
Definition
10 Flowers of different color. Only two red flowers reproduce, resulting in a flower population of only red flowers.
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
A sever drop in population size, resulting in a new ratio of genotypes and phenotypes.
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
When a few individuals become isolated from a large population, and this group establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population.
Term
Natural Selection?
Definition
Favors individuals with heritable characteristics, they survive and reproduce, and then later generations have more of those traits
Term
Microevolution
Definition
A change in allele frequencies in a
population over time.
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members in a population
Term
relative fitness
Definition
the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Term
sexual selection
Definition
individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
a difference in secondary sexual chacteristics between males and females of the same species
Term
Why can't natural selection fashion the perfect organism? (four answers)
Definition
Selection can act only on existing variations.
Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
Adaptations are often compromises.
Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.
Term
The fossil record
Definition
The fossil record is the history of life recorded by recognizable, physical evidence of organisms that lived long ago. The fossil record reveals the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence.
Term
biogeography
Definition
Biogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of
species, provides evidence of evolution.
The distribution of fossils and living populations are
consistent with predictions based on evolutionary theory.
Term
comparative morphology
Definition
Different species that have similar body parts may have
inherited them from a common ancestor. These are called homologous structures.
Term
comparative embryology
Definition
different organisms may show similarities in morphology
during their embryonic stages that often indicate
evolutionary relationships.
Term
biochemistry
Definition
Species that have a close evolutionary relationship have
similar DNA sequences.
• Example: Human and chimpanzee DNA are 99.01% similar.
Term
direct observations
Definition
In thousands of studies, researchers have observed
populations in the wild, in agricultural settings, and in the
laboratory change genetically over time.
Term
homology
Definition
similarity resulting from common ancestry
Term
Highly conserved sequences
Definition
Amino acid sequences that have had little to no change in many different species as they all evolve.
Term
species
Definition
groups of interbreeding natural populations
that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
Speciation that occurs based on geographical isolation is
called
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
Speciation without geographical isolation.
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
the evolutionary history of a species or
group of related species
Term
Parsimony
Definition
least number of steps to construct a
phylogeny
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