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Biology 1101
Midterm 1 Study Ohio State Summer Semester
101
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/02/2012

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Term
A substance that cannot be broken down chemically into another substance
Definition
Element
Term
Individual component pieces of an element
Definition
Atom
Term
Center of the atom which is usually made up of two types of particles
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Particles that have a positive charge
Definition
Protons
Term
Particles that have no electrical charge
Definition
Neutrons
Term
The amount of matter in a particle
Definition
Mass
Term
Negatively charged particles that go around the nucleus
Definition
Electrons
Term
Made up of the combined mass of all its protons and neutrons
Definition
Atomic Mass
Term
Corresponds to how many protons an element has
Definition
Atomic Number
Term
An atom that has extra neutrons or fewer neutrons than protons
Definition
Isotope
Term
Groups of atoms held together by bonds
Definition
Molecules
Term
When two atoms share electrons
Definition
Covalent Bond
Term
The sharing of two electrons between two atoms
Definition
Double Bond
Term
When two oppositely charged ions attract each other to form this bond
Definition
Ionic Bond
Term
When a hydrogen atom in one molecule forms a bond with another atom
Definition
Hydrogen Bond
Term
Large molecules made up from smaller building blocks or subunits
Definition
Macromolecules
Term
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Definition
4 types of Macromolecules
Term
Simple sugars (Glucose and Fructose)

-ose tells you that it is a carbohydrate
Definition
Monosaccharides
Term
Fuel for cellular activity
Stored temporarily as glycogen
Converted to fat
Definition
3 uses for Glucose
Term
Stored glucose molecules that are linked together. They can be broken down later to release glucose back into body
Definition
Glycogen
Term
When two simple sugars are bonded together

EX: glucose+galactose=lactose
Definition
Disaccharide
Term
Complex carbohydrate that forms from linking 2 or more simple sugars
Definition
Polysaccharide
Term
Energy rich macromolecules, insoluble in water. Lots of C-H bonds
Definition
Lipids
Term
water-fearing non polar molecules
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
water-loving molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Head and two or three tails.

Head-glycerol
Tail- fatty acids
Definition
Parts of a fat
Term
Fats having three fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
each carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to two hydrogen atoms
Definition
Saturated fats
Term
At least one carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to just one hydrogen causing fatty acid to have crooked shape. Usually plant derived
Definition
Unsaturated fats
Term
Major components of cell membrane that surrounds the cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of cell.
They contain a phosphorus atom and have two fatty acid chains.
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
Chief building blocks of life. Make up skin, bones, muscles, etc
Definition
Proteins
Term
Certain proteins that initiate and assist every chemical reaction that occurs
Definition
Enzymes
Term
20 different molecules that can be strung together in combinations resulting in a protein that has unique structure and chemical behavior
Definition
Amino acids
Term
Glucose + Fructose
Definition
Sucrose
Term
Unequal sharing of electrons
Definition
Polar
Term
state of internal consistency
Definition
Homeostasis
Term
Extract energy and nutrients from non living environments
Definition
Producers
Term
All living things come from other living things
All cells come from other cells
Evolve
Grow
Definition
Living Things
Term
well substantiated, unifying explanation
Definition
Theory
Term
Atoms/ions are most stable when they have 8 electrons in outer shell. To satisfy this rule, some atoms will have to share electrons
Definition
Octet Rule
Term
water molecules stick together
Definition
Cohesion
Term
Chains created by linking subunits called monomers
Definition
Polymers
Term
Fat, Sterols, Phospholipids
Definition
3 types of lipids
Term
Long term energy storage
Definition
Fat
Term
Regulate growth and development
Definition
Sterols
Term
Storage and transmission of genetic information

EX RNA & DNA
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Monomers of nucleic acids.
Consists of 5-C sugar
a phosphate group
nitrogenous base
Definition
Nucleotide
Term
All organisms consist of one or more cells
Definition
Cell theory
Term
Polysaccaride found in plants
Definition
Starch
Term
Polysaccharide found in animals
Definition
Glycogen
Term
type of cell with complex structure containing organelles and nucleus
membrane
Definition
Eukaryote
Term
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
Powerhouse of the cell
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen
Definition
Organic
Term
Requires energy to proceed.
(Energy inward)
Definition
Endergonic reactions
Term
Releases energy
Definition
Exergonic reactions
Term
Plants capture energy from the sun and store it in chemical bonds of sugars and other food molecules
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
Stored energy waiting to be used to do work or cause change
Definition
Potential Energy
Term
Energy of motion used to do work
Definition
Kinetic energy
Term
Plants, animals, and fungi release energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules
Definition
Cellular respiration
Term
740 hm------->400 hm
Definition
Visible Light
Term
Fueled by sunlight
Definition
Light Reactions
Term
Without the imput of light
Definition
Dark Reactions
Term
Without oxygen
Definition
Anaerobic
Term
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport
Definition
3 processes of cellular respiration
Term
Division of cytoplasm
Definition
Cytokinesis
Term
prophase,prometaphase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
Definition
Mitosis phases
Term
46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent
Definition
Human Cells
Term
Two identical nuclei produced. Overall: daugther chromosomes sorted and seperated
Definition
Mitosis
Term
Some cells divide constantly
Checkpoints:cell does not enter next stage until previous stage completed
Definition
Cell Cycle Regulation
Term
Replicated chromosomes condense and move to the equator of cell.
Random and independent assortment.
Homologous chromosomes seperate.
Diploid--->Haploid
Result 2 haploid, 2 genetically different cells.
Definition
Meiosis 1
Term
Chromosome pairs align randomly and separate independently. Halves chromosomes.
Definition
Meiosis 2
Term
Single circular DNA molecule. Binary Fission inside
Definition
prokaryote
Term
Pair of chromosomes with identical dna sequences
Definition
Sister Chromatids
Term
Energy Yield of Cellular Respiration processes
Definition
Glycolysis-2 ATP
Krebs Cycle-2 ATP
Electron Transport-28 ATP
Term
adenine
ribose sugar

cell's energy currency
"rechargable battery"

Adenosine triphosphate
Definition
ATP
Term
Essential immortal
Lack contact inhibition
Creates own blood supply
Send signals to stimulate growth of blood vessels
Never lose ability to divide
Definition
Cancer Cells
Term
programmed cell death
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
mitosis and cytokenesis
Definition
Cell division
Term
One from mom one from dad
Look similar but not genetically identical
Carry genes for the same trait
Definition
Homologous pairs
Term
Animals switch to this in absence of O2
Lactic acid builds up causing burning
Yeast switch to in absence of O2
Production of ethanol
Definition
Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation
Term
Bond between simple sugars broken
Definition
Digestion
Term
Observations
Frame a question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Design and Conduct Experiment
Analyze your results
Definition
Scientific Method
Term
Inherited characteristics that enables an organism to successfully survive and reproduce.
Definition
Adaptation
Term
Manufacture Proteins
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Solid at Room temperatures
Definition
Saturated Fats
Term
Polymer of Glucose, makes plant cell walls rigid
Definition
Cellulose
Term
Guanine
Definition
Nitrogenous base
Term
proteins - amino acids,
nucleic acids - nucleotides ( made up of a five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base),
carbohydrates - monosaccharides ( simple sugars)
lipids - fatty acids / glycerol
Definition
Monomers of 4 types of macromolecules
Term
Also known as proteins
Definition
Polypeptides
Term
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
DNA
Definition
Prokaryote Structure
Term
Like an office separated into cubicles
Definition
Eukaryote Structure
Term
Ancestral Eukaryote engulfs prokaryote
Ancestral Eukaryote and prokaryote merge
Definition
Endosymbotic Theory
Term
Tip of eukaryotic chromosomes
Definition
Telomeres
Term
Cell division stops at this
Definition
Fifty
Term
Abnormal mass of tissue
Definition
Tumor
Term
In Mitochondria membrane
Used to make ATP
Definition
Electron Transport
Term
Oxygen+Sugar
Definition
Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration
Term
Sunlight+Water+Carbon Dioxide
Definition
Oxygen+Sugar

Photosynthesis
Term
Stored as starch
Definition
Glucose
Term
End with a net output of energy
Definition
Exergonic Reactions
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