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Basic Cell Biology
May 18 Class 6
86
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/18/2015

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Cards

Term
Where do the hydrophobic parts of proteins tend to do?
Definition
Fold to the inside, but in some special cases like alphahelix can go back and forth
Term
What is the cell made up of?
Definition
macromolecules
Term
What is the basic unit of life?
Definition
The cell
Term
How do we study the makeup of cells?
Definition

Microscopy

Fractionation

Term
What is Microscopy?
Definition
Using a microscope
Term
What are the two types of microscopy?
Definition

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Term
What is light microscopy?
Definition
Visible light passes through, reflects from, or is emitted by samples
Term
What is Electron Microscopy?
Definition
Electrons passes thorugh or are reflected by sample
Term
How small can Light Microscopy see?
Definition
1/1000 of a mm
Term
What are a few examples of light microscopy?
Definition
Seeing different cells, staining, using florescence
Term
What is scanning electron microscopy?
Definition

3D view of cell

based on collecting electrions that bounce off surface

Term
What is Transmission Electron Microscopy?
Definition

See the interior of cell, usually thin sections

Based on collecting elections that pass through

Term
Are electrons colorful?
Definition
No
Term
What is cell fractionation?
Definition
Allows purification of organelles
Term
What are the two steps of cell fractionation?
Definition

Homogenization

Cenrtriugation

Term
What is homogenization?
Definition
Breaking the cell open
Term
What is Centrifugation do in cell fractionation?
Definition
Open and separating components of cell
Term
What are the two traditional categories life divided by?
Definition

Prokaryotic- "before kernel", no nucleus

Eukaryote- "true kernel", nucleus and other intracellular membrane structures

Term
What are the tree domains that life is genetically divided by?
Definition

Prokaryotes ( Bacteria, Archaea)

Eukaryotes (something else)

Term
How small are prokaryotes?
Definition
Small 0.5-5 nanometer diameter
Term
Are prokaryotes simple structured?
Definition
yes
Term
What are archaea?
Definition
Prokaryotes with mixture of characteristics, some like bacteria, some like eukaryotes
Term
Where were the first archaea discovered?
Definition
in 'extreme' environments
They are excellent at adapting
Term
What are known as extremophiles?
Definition
Archaea that can survive in extreme environments
Term
Are archaea excellent at adapting?
Definition
yes
Term
How do archaea adapt?
Definition
Steal dna from other organisms
Term
How are archaea like bacteria?
Definition
The basic structure, translation, some metabolic pathways
Term
How are archaea like eukaryotes?
Definition
Cellular replication and transcription
Term
What are single cellular or colonial eukaryotes called?
Definition
protists
Term
What are the multicellular eukaryotes called?
Definition
Plants, animals, fungi
Term
What are common features of a cell?
Definition

Plasma membrane

Cytosol

Chromosome(s)

Ribosomes

Term
What is the cytosol?
Definition
watery environment in cell
Term
What are chromosomes?
Definition
information that tells what the cell does
Term
Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
Definition
No
Term
Do prokaryotes possess a cell wall?
Definition
Yes
Term
Where is the DNA in a prokaryote located?
Definition
In the nucleoid region
Term
Do Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
Definition
Yes
Term
Where is DNA stored in a Eukaryotic cell?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Do all eukaryotes have a cell wall?
Definition
No, only some
Term
Which is bigger, a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
Definition
eukaryote
Term
What are organelles?
Definition

Little organs

First haracterized as defined bodies within cells visible be microscopy

Frequently membrane-bound

Term
Describe the nucleus
Definition

Membrane-bound (nuclear envelope)

Houses DNA in strucutre organized by protein (choromatin)

Includes nucleolus (ribosome assembly site)

Term
What is the nuclear envelope?
Definition

Double membrane structure

Lined with nuclear lamina (structural protein gland)

Term
Where does material pass in and out of the nuclear envelope?
Definition
through nuclear pore complexes
Term
Would a folded protein interact with oil or water, and why?
Definition
water because none of its hydrophobic ends are showing, making it hydrophilic
Term
What is the polymer for Lipids?
Definition
N/A
Term
What is the linking bond for for Lipids?
Definition
N/A
Term
Are lipids Hydrophilic or phobic?
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
What is the monomer for proteins?
Definition
Amino acid
Term
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
Definition
Nucleotide
Term
What is the polymer for proteins?
Definition
polypeptide
Term
What is the polymer for nucleic acids?
Definition
Polynucleotide
(DNA or RNA)
Term
What is the linking bond for proteins?
Definition
peptide
Term
What is the linking bond for nucleic acids?
Definition
phosphodiester
Term
Are proteins hydrophilic or phobic?
Definition
both
Term
Are Nucleic acids hydrophilic or phobic?
Definition
hydrophilic
Term
What is the atomic composition of Carbohydrates?
Definition
C
H
O
Term
What is the atomic composition of Lipids?
Definition
C
H
Term
What is the atomic composition of Proteins?
Definition
C
H
O
N
S
Term
What is the atomic composition of Nucleic Acids?
Definition
C
H
O
N
P
Term
What is the monomer for Carbohydrates?
Definition
Monosaccharide
Term
What is the monomer for Lipids?
Definition
N/A
Term
What is the monomer for Proteins?
Definition
amino acid
Term
What is the monomer for Nucleic Acids?
Definition
nucleotide
Term
What is the polymer for Carbohydrates?
Definition
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Term
What is the polymer for Lipids?
Definition
N/A
Term
What is the polymer for Proteins?
Definition
polypeptide
Term
What is the polymer for Nucleic Acids?
Definition
polynucleotide
DNA or RNA
Term
What is the Linking bond for Carbohydrates?
Definition
glycosidic
Term
What is the Linking bond for Lipids?
Definition
N/A
Term
What is the Linking bond for Proteins?
Definition
peptide
Term
What is the Linking bond for Nucleic Acids?
Definition
phosphodiester
Term
Are Carbohydrates Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Are Lipids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
Are Proteins Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Definition
Both
Term
Are Nucleic Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Definition
Unicellular, but they can be colonial
Term
What are the three common shapes for prokaryotes?
Definition
Cocci (spherical)
Baccilli (rod)
Spirilli (spiral)
Term
What is a halophile?
Definition
archaea that can survive in very high salt environments
Term
What is a thermophile?
Definition
archaea that can survive in high temperatures
Term
What is a Methanogen?
Definition
Archaea that produce methane
Term
What is a eukaryote?
Definition
Large cells with complex cellular structure
Term
What has a nuclear envelope?
Definition
Eukaryote
Term
What doesn't have a nuclear envelope?
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea
Term
What has membrane-enclosed organelles?
Definition
Eukaryote
Term
What doesn't have membrane-enclosed organelles?
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea
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