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Biology 101 - Test #1
Includes Chapters 1-4 (Intro to Biology, Evolution, Chemistry, and Water)
93
Biology
Undergraduate 3
08/30/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
List the 7 properties of living things.
Definition

1. Growth and development

2. Energy Processing

3. Regulation

4. Reproduction

5. Order

6. Evolutionary Adaptation

7. Response to environment

Term
What are the 2 aspects that define LIFE?
Definition

 

Heredity and Metabolism

  • Heredity- passing traits from one generation to next
  • Metabolism- set of chemical rxns that take place in an organism which manage material and energy.
Term
What are the 8 unifying biological themes?
Definition
  1. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy
  2. Organisms interact with other organisms & physical environment
  3. Life requires energy transfer/transformation
  4. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of Bio. Organization
  5. Cell is basic unit of structure and function
  6. Continuity of life is based on heritable information (DNA)
  7. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems
  8. Evolution (overarching theme of biology)

 

Term

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"

 

Explain this quote and where it comes from.

Definition

Essentially, it is more useful to study a whole organism rather than using reductionism to simplify complex parts of an organism. It is better to look at the whole picture.

 

This quote is based off of the unifying theme in biology "new properties emerge at each level in bio. hierarchy"

Term
What are the different levels of biological organization (10 in order from smallest to largest)?
Definition
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Organelles
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organs/Systems
  7. Organisms
  8. Populations
  9. Communities
  10. Ecosystems

AMOCTOOPCE (At Molly's Or Cindy's Tell Odd Orton Pooh Came Earlier)

 

Term
During metabolism, two different processes may be performed. What are they? Give an example of each.
Definition

Anabolism and Catabolism

 

Anabolism: the building up of energy

ex: photosynthesis

 

Catabolism: the breaking down of energy

ex: cell respiration

Term
What are the 2 properties associated when organisms act with other organisms in physical environment (theme)?
Definition

#1. the cycling of nutrients

#2. the flow of energy

Term
What biological theme would be associated with life requiring work?
Definition
Energy transfer theme
Term
Under the structure/function correlation theme, explain the quote, "form fits function".
Definition

An organism is designed/structured/shaped in a way that will help it perform a function(s) easily.

ex: fins help fish swim

Term

All cells... (2)

 

Also, what are the 2 types of cells?

Definition

#1. Are enclosed by membrane

#2. Use DNA as genetic information

 

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Term
What are three main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Definition

#1. Prokaryotic lack nucleus/ Eukaryotes have nucleus

 

#2. Prokaryotes lack true organelles/ Eukaryotes have true organelles

 

#3. Eukaryotes (larger/complex) > Prokaryotes (smaller/simple)

 

Term

What is...

Positive Feedback?

Negative Feedback?

Give an example of each.

Definition

positive feedback: end product speeds up production

- blood clots

 

negative feedback: accumulation of end product slows down production

- excess ATP in a cell

 

Term
Define: Evolution.
Definition
Evolution: "descent with modification"
Term
Define: Natural Selection
Definition

Natural Selection: process that generates evolutionary change

- environment "selects" beneficial traits

Term
What is one similarity and one difference towards organisms, which are modified descendants of common ancestors?
Definition

Similarity; they all came from common ancestors

Differences; account for the accumulation of different heritable traits

Term

When 'classifying life', what is considered the smallest classification unit? the largest classification unit?

 

Definition

Species: smallest classification unit

Domain: largest classification unit

Term
What are the 3 domains of life?
Definition

1. Bacteria

2. Eukarya

3. Archaea

Term
The organisms that make up domains Bacteria and Archaea are...
Definition
prokaryotic (single celled)
Term

Domain Eukarya includes: (4)

 

Identify which are unicellular/multicellular.

Definition

1. Protists (unicellular)

2. Animalia (multicellular)

3. Plantae (multicellular)

4. Fungi (multicellular)

 

Term
What is taxonomy?
Definition
Taxonomy is a branch of biology which classifies and names species into broader groups
Term
What were 2 main points Darwin was trying to convey in his book, Origin of Species?
Definition

1. Descent with modification

2. unity yet diverse

Term
Over time, advantageous traits in given population will eventually become ________.
Definition
Dominant
Term
Why does evolution occur?
Definition
Because of unequal reproductive successes amongst organisms.
Term
What were the two main points of Darwin's book, Origin of Species?
Definition

1. Many organisms originally descended from a common ancestor

2. Emphasized natural selection (mechanism for evolution)

Term
Who was the founder of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature (nested classification system)?
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
What is paleontology?
Definition
The study of fossils. They use remains/traces of organisms from the past.
Term
What are endemic species?
Definition
Species that are not found anywhere else in the world
Term
What is the definition of adaptations?
Definition

Characteristics that enhance survival/reproduction in specific environments

Note: they are heritable

Term
In order for natural selection to take place, 3 properties must hold:
Definition

1. Members of population varies in traits

2. Traits are inherited

3. Species produce offspring that can be supported by environment and offspring that is not suited for environment die off

Term
Darwin mentions artificial selection. What's that?
Definition
The modification of species through selective breeding of desirable traits
Term
True or False. It is the individuals that evolve over time.
Definition
False. Population evolves over time.
Term
What are homologies?
Definition
Similarities in anatomy or structural themes resulting from common ancestors.
Term
What is comparative embryology; what does it reveal?
Definition
Compares early stages of development; reveals additional anatomy homologies that are not visible in adults (homologous stuctures that were once shared develop into different functions)
Term
What are vestigial organs?
Definition
"Leftover" features that use to serve important functions in the common ancestor
Term

What is convergent evolution?

 

 

 

 

 

Hint: flying squirrel vs marsupial

Definition

The evolution of similar/analogous features in distant related groups

 

- does not provide info about ancestors

Term
What is matter; what is composed of matter?
Definition
Anything that takes up space and has mass; living and nonliving things
Term
Matter is made up of elements. What are elements?
Definition
Substances that cannot be further broken down to other substances by chemical means
Term
What is a compound? Are the characteristics different/same as those of its elments?
Definition
Substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
Term
What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter?
Definition

1.Carbon

2.Hydrogen

3.Oxygen

4.Nitrogen

Term
What are trace elements?
Definition
The elements required by an organism in small quantities
Term
Each element consists of a certain kind of _____. (It is different from those of other elements)
Definition
Atom
Term
What is an atom? What is it composed of?
Definition
Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Composed of neutrons, protons, electrons.
Term
What 2 subatomic particles form the atomic nucleus?
Definition
Neutrons and Protons
Term
Neutron and proton masses are almost identical. What are the both measured in?
Definition
Daltons
Term

Each subatomic particle determines something different. Pick which subatomic particle determines which:

a) determines chemical behavior

b) determines isotope

c) determines element

Definition

a) electron

b) neutron

c) proton

Term
The number of _____ determines the atomic # of an element.
Definition
Protons
Term
Atomic mass = _____ + _____
Definition

protons and neutrons

 

Note: if you want to find the number of neutrons; Neutrons = Atomic mass - protons

Term
An isotope differs in number of ____ but has the same number of ____.
Definition
Neutrons;protons
Term
Electrons vary in their amount of ____ energy.
Definition
Potential
Term

What is energy? What is potential energy?
Definition
the ability to cause change; energy that matter posseses due to location/structure
Term
Electron energy levels are represented by electron shells. What do they symbolize?
Definition
The average distance of the electron from the nucleus
Term
What makes an atom reactive vs. unreactive?
Definition

Atoms with incomplete valence shell = reactive

Atoms with complete valence shell = unreactive

Term
What do valence electrons determine about an atom?
Definition
They determine the chemical behavior of atoms
Term
What is an orbital?
Definition
3D space where electrons are found 90% of the time
Term
What are the 2 types of chemical bonds? Which are strongest?
Definition

1. Covalent bonds (strongest)

2. Noncovalent bonds

Term
What are 2 types of covalent bonds?
Definition

1. polar 

2.nonpolar

Term
What are the 3 types of noncovalent bonds?
Definition

1. ionic bonds

2. hydrogen bonds

3. Van der Waals interactions

Term
What do covalent bonds involve?
Definition

Sharing a pair of valence electrons.

Completing valence shells in their "preferred" state

 

Term
What is the valance of an atom?
Definition
The number of unpaired valance electrons (determines bonding capacity)
Term
What is a molecule?
Definition
2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Term
If a molecule has a single bond, how many pairs of electrons is it sharing? Double bond?
Definition
one pair (2 electrons); two pairs (4 electrons)
Term
What is electronegativity in covalent bonds?
Definition

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

 

Results in polar/nonpolar bonds.

 

Note: the greater the electroneg, stronger the pull on shared electrons

Term

Nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar covalent bonds?

Definition

atoms have similar electronegativities (share electrons equally)

 

atoms have differing electronegativities (share electrons unequally) 

Term
When electronegativities in atom/molecule are extremely _____, it creates ions. What are ions?
Definition

unequal; charged atoms or molecules

 

cation: + charged ion

anion: - charged ion

Term
An ionic bond is formed due to the ____ of electrons; and when a ____ attracts a ____.
Definition
transfer; anion; cation
Term

Ionic compounds are called ____.

 

 

 

 

 

hint: they are not molecules.

Definition
Salts
Term
When do hydrogen bonds form?
Definition
Hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one electronegative atom are also attracted to another electronegative atom
Term
Precise shapes of molecules determine:
Definition
How biological molecules recognize and respond to one another
Term
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds. This 'making and breaking' leads to change in chemical ______ of matter.
Definition
composition
Term
What is chemical equilibrium?
Definition
The forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
Term
Matter is rearranged using ____.
Definition
Energy (sunlight)
Term
Is a water molecule (H20) polar or nonpolar?
Definition
Polar
Term
What type of bonding does water (H20) allow for?
Definition
hydrogen bonding (constantly break and re-form)
Term
ALL ____ ____ require water more than any other substance.
Definition
living things
Term
What is the main reason why the earth is 'habitable'? (habitable: capable of being lived in or on) 
Definition
Because 75% of Earth's surface is submerged in water which allows living things to thrive
Term
What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
Definition

1. cohesion

2. moderation of temperature

3. expansion upon freezing

d. "solvent of life"

Term
What is cohesion?
Definition
the bonding of H20 molecules to neighboring H20 molecules (due to hydrogen bonding)
Term
What does adhesion help to do?
Definition

Helps pull water up through plant vasculature (trees don't have a heart to circulate the water)

 

Allows for puddles/ponds/streams to form

 

Allows for water to move through blood vessels

Term
During cohesion of water molecules, surface tension is taken into account. What is surface tension?
Definition
The force required to break the surface of a liquid
Term
How does water moderate air temperature?
Definition
Absorbs heat from warmer air and Releases stored heat to cooler air
Term
Water moderates air temperature because of: (2)
Definition

1. specific heat

2.evaporative cooling

Term
What is specific heat? What is the specific heat of liquid water?
Definition

The amount of heat absorbed or lost (to change 1g substance by 1 degree C)

 

4.187 kJ/kgK - highest specific heat values

Term
Hydrogen bonds must (absorb/release) heat when they break, and (absorb/release) when they form.
Definition
absorb;release
Term
What does it mean when we say "water has a high specific heat"?
Definition
Water resists temperature changes when heat is absorbed or released
Term
During evaporative cooling, what is heat of vaporization?
Definition
The quantity of heat for 1 gram of liquid to be converted from liquid to gas.
Term
Evaporative cooling allows for water to:
Definition

Cool a surface; example: when you sweat

(due to water's high heat of evaporation)

Term

Ice is less/more dense than liquid water; why?

 

 

 

hint: ice floats

Definition
less dense; because of hydrogen bonding, ice is more 'ordered'
Term

What is a solution?

solvent?

solute?

Definition

solution: homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances (salt water)

solvent: dissolving agent (water)

solute: what gets dissolved (salt)

 

note: in this case, because water is the solvent, that makes salt water an aqueous solution

 

 

Term
Water is the 'solvent of life' due to water molecules'  _____.
Definition
Polarity
Term
Based on water's polarity, there are two main solutions that water can form. What are they?
Definition
Ionic solutions; Non-ionic solutions
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