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Biology 1010 Exam 1
Biology 1010
78
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/23/2015

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Term
Biology
Definition
the study of living things
Term
Magnitude of size difference for living things
Definition
greater than 20
Term
3 Different Units
Definition
Atoms, molecules, and cells
Term
Cell
Definition
Smallest unit of life
Term
Atoms build ____, Molecules build ____,
Definition
Atoms build molecules, Molecules build cells
Term
Unicellular
Definition
Archaea, Bacteria, and most protist
Term
Multicellular
Definition
Some protists, plants, animals, most fungi
Term
Metabolic Reactions
Definition
Are chemical reactions in cells
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Captures solar energy
Term
Homeostasis
Definition

Maintaining stable internal enviornment

ex: going in to the shade to avoid heat stroke

ex: chemical ways

Term
Stimulus Response
Definition
Ex: A plant will change it's behavior (stimuli) to point to sunlight.
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
Rules for naming organisms
Term
Systematics
Definition

Grouping of organisms based on similarities 

Group Levels: (genus, order, phylum, etc.)

Term

-Domain             Eukarya

    -Kingdom            Animalia

         -Phylum             Chordata

             -Class                 Mammalia

                 -Order                 Rodentia

                     -Family                  Sciuridiae

                         -Genus                    Sciurus

                             - Species                 Sciurus niger

 

Definition

Domain Is Most Broad 

Species Is Least

Term
Binomial nomenclature
Definition

Two words assigned to each species

 

1. Genus   2. Specific epithet

 

-Italicized or Underlined


Genus may be shared, Specific Epithet may be shared

BUT NEVER BOTH

Term

Kingdoms

Archaea - none

Bacteria - none

Eukarya 

              1. Protista

              2. Plantae

            3. Fungi

                 4. Animalia

 

Definition
Term
Community + nonliving enviornment = _______
Definition
Ecosystem
Term
Biomes
Definition

Larfe areas similar ecosystems

ex. temperate grasslands, trocpical rain forests, tundra

 

Chemical Cycling and Energy Flow are characteristics of ecosystems

Term
Archaea
Definition
Are extremophiles - Can live in very cold & hot places
Term

-Archaea   

                                        }  Prokaryotes

-Bacteria

 

-Eukarya

 

Definition
Prokaryotes do not have true nucleus
Term
Does Science Prove Things?
Definition
Never! It is not designed to, it is designed to disprove things.
Term
Theory
Definition

Supported by numerous experiments 

- a theory has a lot of support

- theory is a level above hypothesis

 

 

Law would be the next step

Term
Scientific Method
Definition

 1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

                               3. Experiment/further observations

4. Conclusion

Term
5-30 Maybe (100?) Milion Species on Earth
Definition

Loss of 400 species/day 

-Most from habitat destruction

-Polltion and environmental degradation also

Term
Matter
Definition

Takes up space and has mass

-Made up of elements

-Elements cannont be broken down into anything else

-Solids/Liquids/Gases naturally-occuring elements

Term

6 Elements make up 98% of body weight for most organisms

 

Definition

  1. Carbon

      2. Hydrogen

     3. Nitrogen

    4. Oxygen

        5.Phosphorus

6.Sulfur

Term
Atomic Structure
Definition

Elements made up of atoms

Atomic Symbol = Abbreviation ex: O == Oxygen

 

 

smallest particle is the atom

 

 

 

Term
Subatomic Particles
Definition

Neutrons(neutral)

Protons(positive)

Electrons(negative)

 

 

Term

------------------

                           |                   1    |<< -- Atomic Number

|                        |

|       H         |

|                        |

                         |          1.081         |<<--Atomic Mass

--------------------

Definition

Atomic Number on top

Atomic Mass on bottom

Term
Isotopes
Definition

Atoms of same lement with different number of neutrons

-some are relatively stable

-others are unstable and decay quickly, emitting radiation (radioactive iostopes)

Term
Electron Arrangement
Definition

First Shell: 2

            All Others: 8 or more

 

 

Shells must be filled before electrons can be placed in new shells further away from nucleus

-Electron number usually the same as number of protons and neutrons the nucleus contains

Term
Atoms with full outer shell
Definition

Are Stable (do not react with others atoms- nonreactive(inert) atoms)

-He, Ar, Ne, etc.

Term
Atoms without full outer shell
Definition

Are unstable

-(sharing),needing to fill their outer shell to be more stable

-most atoms are reactive

- reach stable states by donating, accepeting, or sharing electrons

Term
Chemical Bonds
Definition

Molecule - two or more atoms bonded together

 

Compound - Moleclue containing 2 or more types of atoms

 

Two type of bonds: ionic and covalent

Term
Ionic Bond
Definition

Formed by electrical charges

-One atoms donates one or more electrons and gains a positive charge

-Another atoms gains one or more electrons gaining a negative charge

 

Term
Charged Atoms Are..
Definition
ions
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition

Form when electons are shared

- Sharing "fills" the outer shell

-Can share more than 1 electron Maximum of 4

 

Term
Covalent  Bonds
Definition

-Sharing between 2 of the same element is equal sharing.

-Sharing between 2 different elements is unequal.

     ~ This creates partial charges because the electrons

         spend more time around one atoms than the other



Equal Sharing -- nonpolar convalent bonds

Unequal Sharing -- polar covalent bonds

Term

Chemical Reactions

 

 

 

Definition

Reactants and Products

 

6 CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

 ^                        ^

   Reactans             Products

Term
Reactant
Definition
Whatever goes into chemical equations
Term
Product
Definition
Whatever comes out of the chemical reaction
Term
Cohesion
Definition

Tendency of molecules to stick to each other

 

 

Term
Adhesion
Definition
Tendency of molecules to stick to other molecules
Term
All organisms are ______% water
Definition
70-90% Water
Term
Everything dissolves in..
Definition

Water


Hydrophilic Molecules- Readily dissolve in water

 

Hydrophobic Molecules - do not dissolve in water

 

 

Term

Water Contracts till __ Degrees Celcius

 

Below __ Degress Celcius water expands

Definition
4 Degrees Celcius
Term
pH Scale
Definition

Sale from 0-14

 

7 is Neutral

 

Change is pH of 1 is a 10x change in concentration

Term
Buffers
Definition

Prevent rapid changes in pH

Take up excessive ions

-Example: HCl is buffered in the human digestive tract

Term
Organic Molecules
Definition
Contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Term
Water is
Definition
most the most abundant inorganic molecule on earth
Term
Saccharides
Definition

Sugars

 

Mono = 1

Dia = 2

Poly = more than 2

Term
Ribosome
Definition
Stores RNA and DNA
Term
Phospholipids Polar
Definition
head
Term
Phospholipis nonpolar
Definition
tail
Term
DNA
Definition
Genetic material inside of cells
Term
RNA
Definition
Builds proteins
Term
Cell Size
Definition
Limited due to requirement to transport nutrients and wastes
Term
All Cells
Definition
Have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
No membrane-bound nucleus
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
membrane bound nucleus
Term
Prokaryotic Cell Domains
Definition
Archaea and Bacteria
Term
Archaea
Definition
Extemophiles
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Is a phospholipid bilayer with emedded proteins
Term
Organelles
Definition
Nucleus and Ribosomes
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Sites of protein synthesis
Term
Ribosomes composed of rRna
Definition
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

Endomembrane Systen

ER

Vesicles

Term
Endoplasmis Reticulum
Definition

Membrainous Channels

Smooth ER - Doesn't have ribosomes on it

Rough ER- Has ribosomes on it

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Transport Station
Term
Lysosomes
Definition

Digestive vesicles

Destory foreign particles

Break Down Nutrients

Term
Vacuoles
Definition

Large membranous sacs

Storage

Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
Supports size nucleus and plasma membrane
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Synthesize carbohydrates
Term
Mitochondria
Definition

-powerhouse of cell

converts sugars to ATP

Term
Centrioles
Definition

Animals and protists have 2 in a centrosome

Planta and fungi do not have centrioles

Term

Plant Cell Walls

 

Definition
Composed of cellulose and noncellulose substances
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