Term
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
-anabolic pathways
-catabolic pathways
-fermentation pathways |
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Definition
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Term
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
-Electrons are being moved form atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons
-The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds |
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Definition
| Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons |
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Term
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
-substrate-level phosphorylation
-electron transport
-chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Term
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
-glycolysis
-accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
-the citric acid cycle |
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Definition
| accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain |
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Term
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
-NADH
-pyruvate
-CO2
(pick 2) |
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Definition
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Term
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?
-6
-10
-12 |
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Definition
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Term
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
-substrate-level phosphorylation
-chemiosmotic phosphorylation
-converting oxygen to ATP |
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Definition
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
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Term
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
-oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water
-the final transfer of electrons to oxygen
-the difference of H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the mitochondrial membrane |
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Definition
| the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
-energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation
-energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
-no external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic |
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Definition
| energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase |
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Term
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?
-reducing NADP+
-splitting the water molecules
-chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| splitting the water molecules |
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Term
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
-harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
-synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
-concentrate photons within the stroma |
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Definition
| harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll |
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Term
Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
-NADP is produced
-NADPH is reduced to NADP+
-light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a |
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Definition
| light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a |
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Term
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
-thylakoid membrane
-plasma membrane
-inner mitochondrial membrane
(pick 2) |
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Definition
| thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
-photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it
-ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration
-Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis catabolic |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it |
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Term
Reduction of NADP+ occurs during
-photosynthesis
-respiration
-photorespiration |
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Definition
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Term
Cyclic electron flow may be photo-protective. Which of the following experiments could provide information on this phenomenon?
-using mutated organisms that can grow but that cannot carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their abilities to photosynthesize in different light intensities
-using plants with only photosystem 1 operative and measure how much damage occurs at different wavelengths |
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Definition
| using mutated organisms that can grow but that cannot carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their abilities to photosynthesize in different light intensities |
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Term
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
-The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and cycle returns ADP, Pi, and the NADP+ to the light reactions.
-The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. |
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Definition
| The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions |
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Term
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
-Use ATP to release CO2
-Use NADPH to release CO2
-Synthesize simple sugars from CO2 |
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Definition
| Synthesize simple sugars from CO2 |
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Term
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
-They do not participate in the Calvin cycle
-They used PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
-They conserve water more efficiently |
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Definition
| They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2 |
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Term
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
-fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
-fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells
-fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells |
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Definition
| fix CO2 into organic acids during the night |
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Term
In the process of carbon fixation, rubisco attaches a CO2 to RuBP to produce a 6 carbon molecule, which is then split in two. After phosphorylation and reduction, what more needs to happen in the Calvin cycle?
-addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH
-regeneration of RuBP |
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Definition
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Term
What is a chromatid?
-a replicate chromosome
-a chromosome found outside the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosome are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
-10
-20
-40 |
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Definition
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Term
Cytokinesis usually, but now always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but now cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with
-a single large nucleus
-2 nuclei
- |
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Definition
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Term
Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis?
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase |
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Definition
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Term
During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids?
-interphase to anaphase
-G1 to metaphase
-G2 to metaphase |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best describes how chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle during mitosis?
-The chromosomes are "reeled in" by microtubule contractions
-Motor proteins move the chromosomes along the spindles |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?
-MPF
-protein kinase
-Cdk |
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Definition
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Term
Nerve and muscles cells are in this phase:
-G0
-G1
-M |
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Definition
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Term
What is a genome?
-The complete complement of an organism's genes
-A specific set of polypeptides within each cell
-An ordered display of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest |
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Definition
| The complete complement of an organism's genes |
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Term
A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following?
-Allele
-Sequence
-Locus |
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Definition
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Term
Which of these is FALSE?
In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome
-At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis |
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Definition
| At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis |
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Term
Referring to a plant sexual life cycle, which of the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation of gametes?
-Sporophyte meiosis
-Gametophyte meiosis
-Gametophyte mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
Which describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?
-Pleiotropy
-Incomplete dominance
-Epistasis |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?
-Pink flowers in snapdragons
-The ABO blood groups in humans
-Skin pigmentation in humans |
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Definition
| Skin pigmentation in humans |
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Term
Which of the following terms best describes when the phenotype of the heterozygote differs from the phenotype of both heterozygotes?
-Incomplete dominance
-Pleiotropy
-Multiple alleles |
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Definition
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