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biology 1-5
sylvia s. mader
260
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/09/2009

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Term
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Definition
nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
nucleotide with three phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy[requiring processes in cells.
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.
Term
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Definition
nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
Term
acid
Definition
molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in solution and to lower its pH numerically.
Term
actin filament
Definition
muscle protein filament in sarcomere; its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction. actin filaments play a role in the movement of cell and its organelles.
Term
active transport
Definition
use of plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy.
Term
adaptation
Definition
organism's modification in structure, function, or behavior suitable that better suits the environment
Term
adenosine
Definition
portion of ATP and ADP that is composed of the base a adenine and the sugar ribose
Term
adhesion junction
Definition
junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings.
Term
amino acid
Definition
organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules
Term
animal
Definition
multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote characterized by the presence of muscular and nervous tissue and undergoing development to achieve its final form.
Term
aquaporin
Definition
channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane.
Term
atom
Definition
smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element.
Term
atomic mass
Definition
average of atom mass unites for the isotopes of an atom
Term
atomic number
Definition
number of protons within the nucleus of an atom
Term
atomic symbol
Definition
one or two letters that represent the name of an element
Term
bacillus
Definition
a rod-shaped bacterium; also a genus of bacteria
Term
basal body
Definition
a cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base of-and may organize-cilia or flagella
Term
base
Definition
molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically.
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet.
Term
biodiversity
Definition
total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the communities in which they live
Term
biology
Definition
scientific study of life
Term
biomolecule
Definition
organic molecule (macromolecule as a protein or nucleic acid) living in organisms
Term
biosphere
Definition
zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the earth in which living organisms are found
Term
buffer
Definition
substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity.
Term
bulk transport
Definition
movement of elements in an organism in large amount
Term
calorie
Definition
amount of heat energy required to raise the temperate of one gram of water one degree celsius
Term
capsule
Definition
gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Term
carrier protein
Definition
protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane
Term
cell
Definition
smallest unit that displays the porperties of life; composed or organelle-containing cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
Term
cell envelope
Definition
in a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx
Term
cell recognition protein
Definition
glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens
Term
cell theory
Definition
one of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells.
Term
cell wall
Definition
structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity
Term
cellulose
Definition
polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls
Term
central vacuole
Definition
in a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. during growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-volume ratio to increase.
Term
centriole
Definition
cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
Term
centrosome
Definition
central microtubule organizing center of cells. in animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
Term
channel protein
Definition
protein that forms a channel to allow a particular molecules or ion to cross the plasma membrane
Term
chaperone protein
Definition
molecules that interacts with a protein so that it folds into its proper shape
Term
chitin
Definition
strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi
Term
chloroplast
Definition
membrane-bounded organelle in algae and land plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place
Term
cholesterol
Definition
a steroid found in animal plasm membrane and form which other types of steroids are derived
Term
chromatin
Definition
network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
Term
chromoplast
Definition
plastid in land plants responsible for orange, yellow, and red color of plants, including the autumn colors in leaves.
Term
chromosome
Definition
an observable structure that results when chromatin condeses and coils, each species has a particular number of chromosomes that is passed on to the next generation.
Term
cilium
Definition
shot, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers
Term
class
Definition
one of the categories or subgroups used by taxonomists to group species; class within a phylim or division.
Term
coccus
Definition
a spherical shaped bacterium
Term
coenzyme
Definition
nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound
Term
community
Definition
assemblage of species interacting with one another within the same environment
Term
complementary base pairing
Definition
hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA
Term
compound
Definition
substance having two or more different elements united chemically in fixed ratio
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
gradual change in chemical concentration between two ares of differing concentrations
Term
conclusion
Definition
statement made following an experiment as to whether or not the results support the hypothesis
Term
conjugation pili
Definition
in a bacterium, elongated, hollow, appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells
Term
contrast
Definition
in magnification with a microscope, brightness differences between objects
Term
control
Definition
sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but does not contain the variable being tested; a standard against which the results of an experiment are compared
Term
covalent bond
Definition
chemical bond in which atoms share one pari of electrons
Term
crenation
Definition
in animal cells, shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic
Term
cristae
Definition
short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria
Term
cyanobacterium
Definition
photohynthetic bacterium that contains chlorophyll and releases oxygen; formerly called a blue-green algae
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
contents of a cell between the nucleus region of bacteria and the plasm membrane
Term
data
Definition
facts of information collected through observation and/or experimentation
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
process of logic and reasoning, using "if...then" statements
Term
dehydration reaction
Definition
chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule
Term
denatured
Definition
loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that is no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
pentose sugar found in DNA
Term
desmosome
Definition
intercellular junction that connects cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
Term
differentially permeable
Definition
ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others.
Term
diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lend to an equal distribution
Term
disaccharide
Definition
sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide
Term
domain
Definition
largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Term
domain archaea
Definition
one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea
Term
domain bacteria
Definition
one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differe from archaea becuase they have their own unique genetic, biochemical and physiological characteristics
Term
domain eukarya
Definition
one of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells; includes protists, fungi, plants, or animals
Term
ecosystem
Definition
biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients.
Term
electron
Definition
negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus
Term
electron shell
Definition
concentric energy levels in which electrons orbit
Term
electronegativity
Definition
the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond
Term
element
Definition
substance that connot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one atom type
Term
emergent property
Definition
quality that appears as biological complexity increases
Term
endocytosis
Definition
process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Term
endomembrane system
Definition
cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vesicles
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes
Term
endosymbiotic theory
Definition
explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes
Term
energy
Definition
capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain eukarya
Term
evaporate
Definition
conversion of a liquid or a solid into a gas
Term
evolution
Definition
descent of organisms from common ancestors with the developement of genetic and phenotypic changes over time that make them more suited to the environment
Term
experiment
Definition
artificial situation devised to test a hypothesis
Term
experimental design
Definition
methodology by which an experiment will seek to support the hypothesis
Term
experimental variable
Definition
factor of the experiment being tested
Term
extinction
Definition
total disappearance of a species or higher group
Term
extracellular matrix
Definition
nonliving substance in which animal cells are imbedded; is composed of protein and polysaccharides
Term
facilitated transport
Definition
passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier
Term
family
Definition
one of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species, the taxon above the genus level
Term
fat
Definition
organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue of vertebrates
Term
fatty acid
Definition
Term
fibrous protein
Definition
Term
fimbriae
Definition
Term
flagellum
Definition
Term
fluid-mosaic model
Definition
Term
formula
Definition
Term
functional group
Definition
Term
fungi
Definition
Term
gap junction
Definition
Term
gene
Definition
Term
gene
Definition
Term
genus
Definition
Term
globular protein
Definition
Term
glucose
Definition
Term
glycerol
Definition
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
Term
glycogen
Definition
Term
glycolipid
Definition
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
Term
granum
Definition
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
Term
hexose
Definition
Term
homeostasis
Definition
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
Term
hydrogen ion
Definition
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
Term
hydrophoblic
Definition
Term
hydroxide ion
Definition
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
Term
hypothesis
Definition
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
Term
inclusion body
Definition
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
Term
inorganic chemistry
Definition
Term
intermediate filament
Definition
Term
ion
Definition
Term
ionic bond
Definition
Term
isomer
Definition
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
Term
isotope
Definition
Term
junction protein
Definition
Term
kingdom
Definition
Term
law
Definition
Term
leucoplast
Definition
Term
lipid
Definition
Term
lysosome
Definition
Term
magnification
Definition
Term
mass number
Definition
Term
matrix
Definition
Term
matter
Definition
Term
mesosome
Definition
Term
metabloism
Definition
Term
microtubule
Definition
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
Term
model
Definition
Term
molecule
Definition
Term
monomer
Definition
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
Term
motor molecule
Definition
Term
multicellular
Definition
Term
natural selection
Definition
Term
neutron
Definition
Term
nonpolar covalent bond
Definition
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
Term
nuclear pore
Definition
Term
nucleic acid
Definition
Term
nucleoid
Definition
Term
nucleolus
Definition
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
Term
nucleotide
Definition
Term
observation
Definition
Term
octect rule
Definition
Term
oil
Definition
Term
order
Definition
Term
organelle
Definition
Term
organic chemistry
Definition
Term
organic molecule
Definition
Term
organism
Definition
Term
osmosis
Definition
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
Term
pH scale
Definition
Term
pentose
Definition
Term
peptide
Definition
Term
peptide bond
Definition
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
Term
peroxisome
Definition
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
Term
phenomenon
Definition
Term
phospholipid
Definition
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
Term
phylum
Definition
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
Term
plamodesmata
Definition
Term
plant
Definition
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
Term
plasmid
Definition
Term
plasmolysis
Definition
Term
plastid
Definition
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
Term
polymer
Definition
Term
polypeptide
Definition
Term
polyribosome
Definition
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
Term
population
Definition
Term
prediction
Definition
Term
principle
Definition
Term
prion
Definition
Term
prokaryote
Definition
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
Term
protein
Definition
Term
protist
Definition
Term
proton
Definition
Term
pseudopod
Definition
Term
receptor protein
Definition
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
Term
reproduce
Definition
Term
resolution
Definition
Term
responding variable
Definition
Term
ribose
Definition
Term
ribosome
Definition
Term
rough ER
Definition
Term
salt
Definition
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
Term
scientific method
Definition
Term
scientific theory
Definition
Term
secretion
Definition
Term
signal peptide
Definition
Term
smooth ER
Definition
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition
Term
solute
Definition
Term
solute
Definition
Term
solution
Definition
Term
solution
Definition
Term
solvent
Definition
Term
species
Definition
Term
spirillum
Definition
Term
spirochete
Definition
Term
starch
Definition
Term
steroid
Definition
Term
stroma
Definition
Term
surface tension
Definition
Term
surface-area-to-volume-ratio
Definition
Term
taxonomy
Definition
Term
thylakoid
Definition
Term
tight junction
Definition
Term
tonicity
Definition
Term
tracer
Definition
Term
triglyceride
Definition
Term
turgor pressure
Definition
Term
unicellular
Definition
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
Term
vacuole
Definition
Term
valence shell
Definition
Term
vesicle
Definition
Term
wax
Definition
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