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Biologically important chemical groups
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14
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/14/2010

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Term
Hydroxyl (formula)
Definition
-OH
Term
Hydroxyl (properties)
Definition

Polar; oxygen is more electronegative

 

Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds.

Term
Carbonyl (formula)
Definition
>CO
Term
Carbonyl (properties)
Definition

are either keytones (in carbon skeleton) or aldehydes (at end of carbon skeleton); thes may be structural isomers

 

found in sugars; allows for aldoses and ketoses sugars to exist

Term
Carboxyl (formula)
Definition
-COOH
Term
Carboxyl (properties)
Definition

forms carboxylic acids, or organic acids

 

has acidic properties because the oxygen-hydrogen bond is so polar

 

found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of -1 and is called a carboxylate ion

Term
Amino (formula)
Definition
-NH2
Term
Amino (properties)
Definition

called amines

 

acts as a base; can pick up H+

 

+1 charge in cells

Term
Sulfhydryl (formula)
Definition
-SH
Term
Sulfhydryl (properties)
Definition

called Thiols

 

two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond in a process called "cross-linking", which helps stabilize protein strucure

 

cross-linking of cysteines in hair maintains curliness or straightness

Term
Phosphate (formula)
Definition
-OPO32-
Term
Phosphate (properties)
Definition

contributes negative charge of 2- at the end of a molecule and a charge of 1- in the middle

 

can react with water, releasing energy

Term
Methyl (formula)
Definition
CH3
Term
Methyl (properties)
Definition

addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects gene expression

 

methyl group arrangement in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

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