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Biological Psychology
Test 2
107
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/19/2009

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Term
Autism
Definition
cognitive disorder with severe symptoms including greatly impaired social interaction, a bizarre and narrow range of interests, marked abnormalities in language and communication, and fixed repetitive movements.
Term
motor homunculus
Definition
cartoon drawing of body parts representing the M1
disproportionate relative size of body parts. larger parts of M1 regulate hands, fingers, lips, and tongue giving us precise motor control over these body parts.
Term
corticospinal tract
Definition
bundle of nn fibers conecting the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
branches at the brainstem into an opposite side lateral tract and a same side ventral tract
Term
Lateral corticospinal tract.
Definition
synapses w/ interneurons and motor neurons in the spinal cord that affect the limbs CROSSES MIDLINE
Term
ventral corticospinal tract
Definition
synapses with interneurons in the spinal cord that eventually innervate mm of the trunk. ipsilateral to the sending side. DONT CROSS MIDLINE.
Term
premotor cortex
Definition
motor planning. includes SMA and lateral premotor cortex, and mirror neurons.
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
plans complex behavior

get up at certain hour to arrive at work on time.

doesnt specify the precise movements to be made.
Term
M1
Definition
Primary motor cortex. responsible for executing skilled movements.

Picking up a penny vs. squeezing a ball
Term
lesion to premotor cortex
Definition
monkey doesnt hold hand under table to catch food. (failure to organize movements)
Term
lesion to primary motor cortex
Definition
trouble shaping fingers when grasping different objects.
Term
mirror neurons
Definition
allow a subject to make, observe, and represent movement sequences.
Term
flow of info through motor cortex starting in prefrontal cortex
Definition
after the prefrontal cortex has formulated a plan of action, it instructs the premotor cortex to organize appropriate sequence of behaviors, and the movements themselves are executed by the primary motor cortex
Term
responsibility of the brainstem
Definition
species specific behaviors. hissing of a cat or breaching of a whale.
Term
CP Cerebral Palsy
Definition
group of brain disorders that result from brain damage aquired perinatally. a disorder primarily affecting the motor function by affecting regions of the brainstem that organize movement sequences.
Term
what happens to M1 homunculus when there is an "experience"
Definition
cortical damage in monkeys on a region of brain responsible for digit and hand area resulted in the subjects using the affected hand much less, relying mainly on the good hand.

demonstrates the plasticity in M1 to recover from brain injury. most likely enabled by the formation of new connections among different parts of the homunculus in the motor cortex.
Term
how/why the motor cortex increases the force of a movement
Definition
higher frequency of APs. specific for direction and distance of movements.

monkeys had neurons firing in their wrists even before they started to flex it. motor cortex plans AND initiates mvmt.
Term
basal ganglia recieves inputs from....
Definition
2 main sources.

1. all areas of the neocortex and limbic cortex, including the motor cortex.

2. substantia nigra
Term
SMA
Definition
supplementary motor cortex. part of premotor cortex.

more involvd in internally generated motor plans, implementing motor mems.
Term
Mirror neuron location
Definition
lateral premotor cortex
Term
speculative roles of mirror neurons
Definition
emotional empathy
understanding other peoples minds
possible impairment of motor neuron system in autism
Term
parietal lobe motor contributions
Definition
acquiring and storing motor memories

spatial processing roles

(is the inverse or mirror of the frontal lobe)
Term
apraxia
Definition
acquired loss of skilled, purposeful, complex movement.

any lesion that will cause apraxia will usually pair with language disability because it usually affects the left lobe.

usually left hemisphere damage.
Term
anterior apraxia
Definition
damage to premotor cortex. lose ability to implement motor memories
Term
posterior apraxia
Definition
damage to parietal lobe. lose motor memories.
Term
ocularmotor apraxia
Definition
cant move eyes to look at something
Term
optic ataxia
Definition
can see object but cant reach out to grab it.
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis on one half of the patients body

possibly caused by lesion in M1
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
a collection of nuclei that lie within the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex. it consists of three primary structures.
caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.
Term
basal ganglia is functionally related to
Definition
3 areas
putamen, golbus pallidus, caudate nucleus.

and closely associated with
subthalmic nucleus, substantia nigra.
Term
modulatory roles of the Basal ganglia
Definition
initiating and inhibiting movements.
deciding which to start and stop.

sends tonic inhibition as a primary response to the cortex.
important in switching behaviors
e.g running to walking
Term
cause of parkinsons
Definition
degeneration of DA cells in the SN
Humans can compensate for up to 90 % los of DA pathway

Demensia in late stages of Parkinsons. frontal/executive problems
Term
Positive symptoms of Parkinsons
Definition
resting tremor
rigidity - cogwheeling = agonist and antagonist activate simultaniously
Term
negative symptoms of parkinsons
Definition
bradykinetic, hypokinesia, flat facial affect, unable to vary force used in producing movement.
Term
huntingtons
Definition
degeneration of basal ganglia
inherited by a dominant gene
symptoms begin in 30's to 40's

eventually causes dementia and emotional problems plus frontal lobe/executive problems.
Term
symptoms of Huntingtons
Definition
hyperkinesia
chorea
athetosis
dystonia
Term
chorea
Definition
twitching/jerking
Term
athetosis
Definition
involuntary writhing
Term
dystonia
Definition
distorted posture
Term
cerebellum
Definition
70-75 % of all neurons in the brain
very regular circuitry
very fast conduction
posess homunculus
Term
cerebellar lesion
Definition
often consequence of alcoholism, stroke
problems in coordination
problem completing actions
causes
hypermetria/dysmetria
oscillations rather than smooth movement = action tremmor
Term
hypermetria
Definition
missed target oscillating process.
lady trying to grab cell phone.
Term
consequences of cerebellar damage
Definition
all symptoms simalar to those found in frontal lobe damage.

executive fxning
spatial cognition
personality change
language impairment
Term
simple cell
Definition
cell in LGN with specificity to non moving cells with a certain orientation
Term
complex cell
Definition
cell in LGN that has specificity to movement of things left to right visa versa or up down
Term
cortical column
Definition
cortical organization of visual cortex that represents a fxnal unit six layers deep, and that is perpendicular to the cortical surface.
Term
blob
Definition
region in visual cortex that contains color sensitive neurons. responsible for color perception
Term
interblob
Definition
space btw. blobs, responsible for form and motion perception
Term
medial portion of the cerebellum controlls...
Definition
face and midline of the body.

damage to the medial cerebellum will cause disruption in balance, eye movement, posture and walking.
Term
lateral cerebellum controls
Definition
associated with movements of the limbs, hands, feet and digits.

damage will disrupt arm, hand, and finger movements much more than movemtnes of the body trunk.
Term
2 main theories on the cerebellum
Definition
cerebellum plays a role in the timing of movements.
maintains movement accuracy
Term
ventral processing stream
Definition
What system.

from occipital to temporal lobes
object identification and knowledge

parvocellular layers of LGN
trends in cell sensitivity, receptive fields down what pathway increase complexity of stimuli, increase in receptive field size, always includes fovea, often sensitive to color.
Term
dorsal processing stream
Definition
where system

from occipital to parietal lobes.
spatial information
Term
extrastriate complex
Definition
V2, V3. involved in both dorsal and ventral stream
Term
V4
Definition
specific to "what" pathway
sends info to IT (inferior temporal cortex)

color perception
complex form perception (swirls/spirals)
Term
lesion to V4
Definition
cortical color blindness aka achromatopsia

the colorblind painter. (wouldn't eat blah blah)
Term
achromatopsia
Definition
lesion to V4, does not take place in eyes. this is in contrast to color deficiency aka cortical color blindness
Term
gnostic cell
Definition
particular for one form of knowlege. can recognize a table
Term
IT cortex
Definition
infratemporal cortex.
recognizes hands, body parts, faces

organized in columns for diff orientation of much more complex forms
Term
fusiform area
Definition
specific part of IT in ventral visual stream responsible for recognition and perception of faces.
Term
agnosia and its variations/kinds
Definition
loss of the ability to perform visual identification with retention of basic visual abilities (color, movement, shape, perception)

types:
pure alexia
object agnosia
prosopagnosia
landmark agnosia
Term
pure alexia
Definition
the inability to read and recognize written language
Term
objective agnosia
Definition
lose the ability to recognize specific types of objects (fruits, tools etc.)
Term
prosopagnosia
Definition
inability to recognize faces sometimes including your own.
Term
landmark agnosia
Definition
inability to recognize area landmarks
Term
Dorsal visual stream
Definition
Where pathway
Magnocellular layers of LGN
V5/MT
Not sensitive to form or color
not sensitive to items in central vision
large receptive fields, all of contralateral and part of ipsilateral space. (mainly responsible for peripheral vision)
sensitive to direction of motion (velocity, walking speed)
Term
V5 or MT
Definition
Part of dorsal stream in visual pathway

role is motion perception
Term
Lesion to V5/MT
Definition
motion blindness or akinematopsia
like strobe light
cant pour tea cuz it looks like a solid
Term
STS
Definition
Superior temporal sulcus
role is complex motion perception, particularly biological motion
Term
Lesion to superior temporal sulcus
Definition
selective akinematopsia for biological motion.
Term
multimodal cells
Definition
located in the parietal lobe they can process a number of different processes at once.

makes vision and touch come together.
Term
Left Hemisphere Neglect
Definition
aka neglect syndrome
right field of vision is there but left side awareness is completely gone
due to R parietal damage.
denial of disability- anosagnosia
not due to loss of mem.

house drawing will only draw right side of house

Takes place in V5/MT parietal lobe
usually gets better w/ time
Term
optic ataxia
Definition
incoordinated mm movements, unable to find hammer with left hand but not right . Inacurate reaching for objects in space
Term
Balints syndrome
Definition
group of visual symptoms with simultanious loss of optic ataxia and saccade (following) accompanied by a nystagmus.
Term
anosagnosia
Definition
lose sense of awareness and sense of self

completely deny anything is wrong with them.
a quadropalegic would say im gonna get up and walk out of here.

attentional problem, not problem w/ memory
Term
common features of sensory systems
Definition
receptor neurons
receptive fields
columnar organization
cortical maps
cortical magnification
hierarchical representation
Term
Names of alternative visual pathways
Definition
Tectopulvinar pathway, suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus (SCN), Amygdala (important in fear conditioning)
Term
tectopulvinar pathway
Definition
alternative visual pathway
important for eye movement and spatial processing.
Blindsight
Term
tonotopic organization
Definition
cochlea and A1 share this, high to low frequency coded areas of membrane/tissue
Term
auditory system organization
Definition
what and where pathway jus like vision, what is ventral and where is dorsal
Term
Auditory What processing
Definition
ventral stream in audition.
Term
Types of Auditory agnosias
Definition
pure word deafness, phonganosia
amusia
agnosia for environmental sounds
Term
pure word deafness
Definition
form of auditory agnosia
almost always left hemisphere damage
can still hear language but cant process vibration in ear to words. they can still read and read out loud, they just wont have a clue what they are saying.
Term
phonagnosia
Definition
Voices
can still hear fine, understand language fine but cant tell whether it is a man, woman, child, accent, tone, etc.
Term
amusia
Definition
LH damage cant process rhythem,
RH damage cant process melodies

generally follow a stroke
Term
elements of language
Definition
phonology, orthography, semantics, syntax, articulation
Term
phonology
Definition
elaboration of auditory processing
Superior temporal lobe
Term
Orthography
Definition
Elaboration of visual processing.
Term
semantics
Definition
multimodal merging of visual and auditory processing.

anterior temporal lobe
Term
syntax
Definition
elaboration of sequential processing; premotor and prefrontal components
Term
articulation
Definition
motor process for speech; M1 and Premotor regions
Term
disorders of spoken language (aphasia)
Definition
brocas, wernicke's, conductio, global
Term
brocas area
Definition
anterior speech area in LEFT hemisphere that functions with the motor cortex to produce the movements needed for speaking
Term
Brocas Aphasia
Definition
inability to speak fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mech.
Term
Wernicke's aphasia
Definition
inability to understand or to produce meaningful language even though the production of words is still intact.
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
secondary auditory cortex (planum temporale) lying behind Heschl's gyrus at the rear of the left temporal lobe that regulates language comprehension

aka the posterior speech zone
Term
arcuate fasciculus
Definition
connects wernicke's to brocas
Term
conduction aphasia
Definition
damage to arcuate fasciculus
can understand language
cannot repeat what is heard
lack of spontanious speech
make errors and notice them but cannot correct them.
Term
semantic dementia
Definition
due to degeneration of temporal lobes
usually temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia
different from wernicke's aphasia

deals w/ tau pathway (protein) all fucked up and messy

meld things together. mixed features of animals (cat/chicken cross)
Term
2 pathways in reading
Definition
word form : directly going from word to meaning

Phonologic : sound it out
Term
alexia vs. dyslexia
Definition
alexia is the inability to read due to brain damage. dyslexia is a learning disorder in which one has difficulty with reading and spelling.
Term
agraphia
Definition
the inability to produce written language even when all other motor capabilities are present and intact.
Term
surface alexia
Definition
Damage to word form path
rely on phonological route for reading

cannot read irregular words (thought)
can read non words (trilin)
Term
deep or phonological alexia
Definition
damaged phonological path, but preserved word form path.

can read familiar words
impared at reading non words, unfamiliar words.
Term
developmental dyslexia
Definition
phonological timing disorder. difficulty making fine distinctions in timing between sounds.

most have problem with both word form and phonological reading.

probably several causes.
Term
festination
Definition
faster and faster steps... end up running
Term
athetosis
Definition
involuntary writhing
Term
athetosis
Definition
involuntary writhing
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