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Biological Organisms
Flash cards with organism, date and characteristics
66
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/15/2010

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Term
Monera
Definition
Has a prokaryotic cell (small with no internal organelles) DNA NOT in a separate nucleus - Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue greens)
3.8 billion years (based on stable isotopes)
Term
Protista
Definition
Eukaryotic (has internal organelles)
DNA inside a nucleus
Unicellular, colonial or simple multicellular organisms
Algae, protozoans (amoeba), slime molds, water molds
2.1 billion years old
Term
Plantae
Definition
multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthesis
470 million years ago
Term
Fungi
Definition
Multicellular eukaryotic and hetrotrophic
digestion occurs outside the body
mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Term
Animalia
Definition
Eukaryotic, multicellular, hetrerotrophic
digest internally
sponges, worms, crustaceans (invertebrates) and fishes, reptiles, mammals (vertebrates)
700 Million years ago (sponges)
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
individuals within a species are not the same. Individuals with characteristics that make it easier to survive and reproduce are more likely to pass on their genes. Offspring are more likely to have the characteristics that made it more likely to survive and reproduce
Term
What organisms are associated with timeline 2-3 billion years ago?
Definition
bacteria, single cell organisms
Term
What organisms are associated with timeline 600 million years ago?
Definition
jellyfish and sponges
Term
What organisms are associated with timeline 500 million years ago?
Definition
molluscs, brachiopods, arthropods, echinoderms, annelids, chordates appear in fossil records
First vertebrates (515 mya)
Term
What organisms are associated with timeline 400 million years ago?
Definition
centipede, arachnid, fish
Term
Chert
Definition
Flint Rock found by shores of lake superior used to make 'slices' to find bacteria fossils. 2 billion years old
Term
What is the major contribution of blue greens to the development of life?
Definition
They released oxygen and helped to create the ozone
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
use photosynthesis, helped to create the ozone
Term
DNA
Definition
basic building blocks of life - can create copies of itself, is a blueprint for production of new cells
Term
Gene
Definition
A piece of code within DNA
Term
Ciliates
Definition
cells that have cilia, larger single cell
Term
cilia
Definition
coat of beating hairs
Term
What is a colony
Definition
A group of cells
Term
Sponges
Definition
earliest animal - some have internal skeleton. no mouth, no muscles, no nervous system
Type - Porifera
700 mya
Term
Jellyfish
Definition
Actual multi-cellular animal
Medusa is tentacle form, polyp is 'coral like' form with eggs for reproduction
650 mya first jellyfish
Cnidaria
Term
Portuguese man-of-war
Definition
colony, not true jellyfish
has bag filled with gas, dips into water to cool off
Term
Jellyfish Reproduction
Definition
medusa - sexual cells released into sea
egg and sperm unite, form a new organism
becomes stationary polyp
reproduces asexyually new organism buds off and becomes free swimming, becomes medusa
Term
Soft coral
Definition
polyps that specialize
flexible skeleton
Up to 6,000 meters
Term
Stony Corals
Definition
Lime stone skeletons
form reefs
Can live up to 40 meters deep
Term
Porifera
Definition
Sponges
body made of cells, no tissues or organs present; radial or no symmetry; endoskeleton
700 mya
Term
Cnidara
Definition
Jellyfish and corals
radial symmetry; hydrostatic skeleton (skeleton made of water)
650 mya
Term
Platyhelminthes
Definition
flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
flat body, bilateral symmetry; gut with mouth but no anus; hydrostatic skeleton
Term
Coelomate ancestors
Definition
Coelom is major evolutionary advance
fluid-filled body cavity that seperates muscles from digestive tract
primitive circulatory system
digestive systems with both mouth and anus
Term
Brachiopods
Definition
Mainly extint; 300 living species
shells present; primarily marine; bilateral symmetry; exoskeleton
Term
Mollusca
Definition
snails, clams, scallops, nautilus, squid, octopi
no segmentation; body is covered by mantle; head and muscular foot; shell usually present; shel is exoskeleton; bilateral symmetry
Term
Annelida
Definition
Segmented worms
body arranged in repeateding body segments; respiration across skin or gills; bilateral symmetry; hydrostatic skeleton
Term
Arthropoda
Definition
Horseshoe crabs, millipedes, spiders and scorpions, crustaceans, insecta
bilateral symmetry; segmentation; jointed appendages; exoskeleton made of chitin
Term
Bivalves
Definition
Type of mollusk
paired shells such as scallops and giant clams
Term
Glaucus
Definition
type of mollusk, feathery outgrowths allow it to float
preys on jellyfish, uses jellyfish stinging cells as a secondary weapon
Term
Nautilus
Definition
Type of mollusca
has flotation chambers that allow animal to move around
has eyes without lenses
has dozens of tentacles used to detect food, reproduction, fight with prey
500 million years ago
Term
Ammonites
Definition
extinct
had floation chambers, as they grew bodies occupied only the outer chamber
dominated the seas for 200 million years
died 50 million years ago
Term
Crinoid
Definition
Echinodermata
sea lily, ancestor also worm
developed boy plates to strengthen and protect themselves
300 mya
Term
Echinodermata
Definition
crinoids, sea stars, starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers
marine organisms; body divided into 5 parts around central disc with mouth in center
water vascular system present with tube feet for movement
adults have 5-fold symmetry
endoskeleton
Term
Chordata
Definition
stiff, rod-like norochord running down the back that serves as a skeleton
hollow dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal gill slits
muscular postanal tail
(we are members of this group)
segmented, bilateral symmetry
Term
urochordata
Definition
sea squirts
notochord and hollow dorsal nerve; bilateral symmetry
hydrostatic skeletons (this is difference between chordata)
Term
vertebrata
Definition
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
notochord replaced or surrounded by a vertebral column of bone or cartilage
Term
trilobite
Definition
arthropoda
shell that is part calcium carbon, part chitin
had fantastic eyes with developed lenses
540 million years ago
Term
Horseshoe crab
Definition
anthropoda
headshield, pair of eyes that are mosaic; segmented body; pair of legs on each segment; a fist with a hook on males
ancestor is trilobyte
Term
Crustacean
Definition
arthropoda
crab, shrimp, prawns
major disadvantage that external shell does not grow with body, must be shed, animal is vulnerable at this time.
salts are reabsorbed into blood stream before shell drops, when shell hardens as salts are fed back into shell
uses pigments for camouflage
advantage of external skeleton - works as well on land as on water
Term
Robber Crab
Definition
Crustacean that has made move to land.
moves to water to breed; absorbs oxygen in a chamber, absorbs oxygen through lining
Term
Sporophyte
Definition
plant form that has full number of chromosomes (diploid), undergoes meiosis to produce spores - this piece for variety
Term
gametophyte
Definition
plant
haploid with half the number of chromosomes; uses mitosis to form gametes (eggs and sperm); once fertilization happens, zygotes (fertilized eggs) grow into sporophyte - this piece for diversity
Term
haploid
Definition
half the normal number of chromosomes, is produced FROM sporophyte, produces gametophyte
Term
Diploid
Definition
full number of chromosomes
is produced from gametophyte and produces sporophyte
Term
Cuticle
Definition
plants developed this to prevent dehydration
Term
meiosis
Definition
sexual reproduction that produces haploid cells
Term
mitosis
Definition
asexual reproduction that produces cells that are identical to original cell; produces diploid cell
Term
Stomata
Definition
holes in plants to allow breathing
Term
non-vascular plants
Definition
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
do not have specialized tissue for conducting water and food
gametophyte generation usually the dominate form, require water to reproduce
Term
vascular plants
Definition
9 groups of living vascular plants - fossils dated to 430 million years
Vascular tissue to transport water or food, support plant walls
sporophyte generation is large, independent and dominate; the plant body has specialized roots, stems and leaves
Term
Club Moss
Definition
earliest vascular plant
Not moss
body with roots, erect stems as well as trailing stems; numerous small leaves; water necessary for reproduction; seedless
400 mya
Term
horsetails
Definition
vascular
underground stems give rise to hollow, erect stem with tiny leaves; water necessary for reproduction; seedless
Term
Ferns
Definition
vascular
underground stem, roots, large leaves (fronds) with many veins; water necessary for reproduction; seedless; sperm and eggs are produced on the underside of the gametophyte, protects them and minimizes the amount of water needed for the sperm to swim to the egg
Term
Cycads
Definition
vascular
large leaves, aboveground roots, sexes seperate, reproductive organs in cones, swimming sperm delivered in pollen; produces seed
Term
Conifers
Definition
vascular
needle like or scale like leaves; reproductive cones with seeds; produces wind-carried pollen that delivers sperm to eggs
Term
Flowering plants
Definition
Last plant group to evolve; reproductive organs in flowers; seeds enclosed in fruit; pollen often delivered to female parts of flowers by animals; flower trees, shrubs and herbs
Term
millipedes
Definition
Arthropodes
vegetarians segmented body with two pairs of walking legs
Term
arachnids
Definition
arthropods also arachnids
divided into two parts, four pairs of legs (8 legs)
Term
scorpions
Definition
large pincers, has stinger which contains venom
425 million years old, oldest terrestial arthropod
Term
spider
Definition
has silk glands on abdomen
not all spiders spin webs
spiders have poison glands
Term
insects
Definition
arthropid
divided into three parts; head, thorax and abdomen.
one pair of antennae; three pairs of legs that attach to the thorax; most have one or two pairs of wings; compound eyes; elaborate mouthparts
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