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BIOL1407-Unit1
Ch 4, 7,8,10
22
Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/05/2012

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Term
Cell Theory
Definition
Cells are basic living units of organization and function in all organisms.
All cells come from other cells.
Term
Prokaryotic Cells
Definition
No Nucleus
No Membrane Bound Organelles
examples: bacteria & achaea
Term
Eukaryotic Cells-Plant cells
Definition
Cell wall, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole, rough er, smooth er, ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, nucleus (nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus)
Term
Eukaryotic Cells-Animal cells
Definition
Plasma membrane, centrioles, rough er, smooth er, ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus (nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus)
Term
Peroxisomes: oxidation
Definition
specialized metabolic compartments bound by a single membrane
Term
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Definition
have a double membrane
contain their own DNA
proteins are made of free ribosomes
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Functions: support, motility, regulation
Components: Microtubules, intermediate filament, microfilament, plasma membrane
Term
Mitosis: in somatic cells (growth, maintenance, repair)
Definition
2 identicle daughter cells
Interphase: relaxed, sketti bowl(G1, S Phase, G2)
M Phase
Prophase: Preparing, sister chromatids, nuclear membrane breaking down.
Metaphase: Midplane, centrioles pair at spindle poles
Anaphase: coming apart, moving toward poles
Telephase: reforming nuclear envelope, twins, clevage furrow.
Cytokensis: forms 2 seperate daughter cells.
Term
Cytokensis in plant cells vs. animal cells
Definition
Animal Cells: cleveage furrown during telephase seperates cells.
Plant Cells: vesicles gather on midplane to form cell plate.
Term
Meiosis: in sex cells (produce gametes (egg/sperm)
Definition
Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair and seperate into sister chromatids
Meiosis II: Sister chromatids seperate into 4 haploid cells (animals:gametes/ plants/spores)
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions.
Term
Anabolic Metabolism
Definition
simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
Term
Catabolic Metabolism
Definition
complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances
Term
Forms of Energy
Definition
Kinetic: motion
Heat: thermal
Potential: position
Chemical: chemical
Term
Laws of Thermodynamics
Definition
1st Law: energy of the universe is constant
2nd Law: energy can only change forms
Term
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Definition
type of nucleotide, powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
Term
A cell does 3 main kinds of work
Definition
Mechanical, Transport, Chemical
Term
Enzymes: Biological catalysts
Definition
most are proteins, some types of RNA molecules have catalytic activity as well
Term
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Definition
Glycolosis: breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Intermediate step: pyruate converted to Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle: completes breakdown of glucose
Oxidative phosphorylation: most of ATP synthesis
Term
Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
Yeast produces ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in anaerobic respiration.
Term
Lactic acid production
Definition
If human muscles have no oxygen, cells produce lactic acid.
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